Theory of Consumer Behavior

Part 4 †Theory of Consumer Behavior Economics 11 †UPLB Prepared by T. B. Paris, Jr. December 11, 2007 Theory of Consumer Behavior ? ? ? Valuable for understanding the interest side of the market. Utility †measure of fulfillment got from the utilization of a ware †¦. estimation units ? utils Utility ideas ? ? cardinal utility †accept that we can allot values for utility, (Jevons, Walras, and Marshall). E. g. , get 100 utils from eating a cut of pizza ordinal utility methodology †doesn't appoint values, rather works with a positioning of inclinations. Pareto, Hicks, Slutsky) Total utility and negligible utility ? ? All out utility (TU) †the general degree of fulfillment got from devouring a decent or administration Marginal utility (MU) extra fulfillment that an individual gets from expending an extra unit of a decent or administration. ? TU MU = ? Q Total utility and minor utility Example (Table 4. 1): Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TU 0 20 27 32 35 34 30 36 MU à ¢â‚¬20 7 5 3 0 - 1 - 4 ? ? ? ? TU, when all is said in done, increments with Q sooner or later, TU can begin falling with Q see Q = 6) If TU is expanding, MU > 0 From Q = 1 onwards, MU is declining ? guideline of lessening minimal utility ? As increasingly more of a decent are devoured, the procedure of utilization will (sooner or later) yield littler and littler augmentations to utility Total Utility Curve TU 35 Total utility(in utils) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity 6 Q Figure 4. 1 Marginal Utility Curve MU Marginal utility (in utils) 20 15 10 5 0 - 5 Figure 4. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quantity Q Consumer Equilibrium ? ?Up until this point, we have expected that any measure of products and enterprises are consistently accessible for utilization in actuality, shoppers face limitations (salary and costs): Limited buyers pay or financial plan ? Products can be acquired at a cost ? Some streamlining suppositions ? ? ? ? Consumer’s objective: to expand his/her utility subject to s alary requirement 2 products (X, Y) Prices Px, Py are fixed Consumer’s pay (I) is given Consumer Equilibrium ? Negligible utility per peso ? extra utility got from spending the following peso on the great MU per peso = PConsumer Equilibrium ? Upgrading condition: MU X MU Y = PX PY ? In the event that MU X MU Y > PX PY ? spend more on great X and less of Y Simple Illustration ? Assume: X = fishball Y = siomai ? Expect: PX = 2 PY = 10 Numerical Illustration Qx 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUX 30 39 45 50 54 56 MUX 30 9 6 5 4 2 MUx Px 15 4. 5 3 2. 5 2 1 QY 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUY 50 105 148 178 198 213 MUY 50 55 43 30 20 15 MUy Py 5. 5 4. 3 2 1. 5 ? ? 2 potential ideal positions Combination A: ? X = 3 and Y = 4 ? TU = TUX + TUY = 45 + 178 = 223 ? Mix B: ? ? X = 5 and Y = 5 TU = TUX + TUY = 54 + 198 = 252 ? Nearness of 2 potential harmony positions recommends that we have to think about salary. To do so let us look at how much every purchaser spends for every blend. Use per blend ? ? Complete consumpt ion = PX X + PY Y Combination A: 3(2) + 4(10) = 46 ? Mix B: 5(2) + 5(10) = 60 ? Situations: If consumer’s salary = 46, at that point the ideal is given by blend A. .†¦Combination B isn't moderate ? In the event that the consumer’s pay = 60, at that point the ideal is given by Combination B†¦. Blend An is reasonable however it yields a lower level of utility ? end

Kafkas The Trial Kafka Trial Essay Example For Students

Kafkas The Trial Kafka Trial Essay Kafkas The Trial follows a man, K. , as he is captured and discharged for an obscure offense and goes to a progression of unusual preliminaries. He attempts to grasp and remove himself from an over the top course of occasions, which come to pass out of nowhere in his life. K. is abused by this inconceivable court, which appears to hold a semi legitimate spot in the public eye. K. s life appears to winding wild while he and the peruser battle to comprehend what is happening. Kafka utilizes this piece to scrutinize administration, even in an apparently vote based society. Kafka accepts that administration is jeopardizing the opportunities of the person in current society and that it is amazingly unfavorable to society over the long haul. It isn't promptly recognizable what land area Kafka is alluding to in The Trial. In light of the remainder of the books unusual exciting bends in the road it appears that Kafka would not like to make certain about any solid area to weight down his surrealist story. While there is no connection with any known area (other than maybe Kafkas old neighborhood of Prague) the environmental factors are present day and urban. In The Trial, K invests a large portion of his energy in different structures with almost no notice of any recognizing attributes. Kafka appears to revolve around white collar class urbanites generally. Kafka handles the shades of malice of government and administration, focusing on the social ramifications of these man made experts on the person. Reification appears to serve an inescapable job in Kafkas The Trial. Reification is when something unique is given material worth by a general public It appears that Kafka is addressing how the lawful framework has been given so much position and force making it a material substance. In 1912, when Kafka wrote The Trial, the ascent of the republic was obvious around Europe. There was a reestablished accentuation on authenticity and method of reasoning, which additionally shows up in The Trial. At the point when distributed, Kafkas books evoked the misery of people defying a tenacious, machinelike society in which they are minor pinions. As the danger of war twirled in Europe (World War I was simply not too far off), against Semitism and patriotism encompassed Kafka. In expressions of the human experience, the ascent of innovation made a test to positivism that couldn't be quieted. The creator of The Trial, Franz Kafka lead an intriguing life which holds a few equals to his hero, K. Franz Kafka was conceived on July 3, 1883 in Prague, Bohemia to a working class Jewish family. Kafkas father was a solid man centric power in his life, anyway he inhabited home until around age 40. Kafka functioned as a protection sales rep and wrote in his extra time in spite of the fact that he considered it to be a revile instead of grasping his ability. He generally considered himself to be a disappointment (as indicated by his dads measures) despite the fact that he earned himself a degree in law and would later get one of the most compelling essayists in the twentieth century. It was simply because of Kafkas companion that he came to turn into the perhaps the best essayist of the twentieth century. Kafka requested that the entirety of his original copies be obliterated after his demise . In any case, his companion distributed his works after death and was the modeler of Kafkas tardy spot in scholarly history. During his life, Kafka remained basically obscure and spent a lot of his life in sanatoriums for TB. Kafkas hero, K. , appears to battle with his feelings and unfit to relate well to ladies all through The Trial. It appears from what we think about Kafka that he battled from these exact same issues. It appears that Kafka is assaulting exactly the same white collar class mentalities and organizations, which his family takes an interest in. Kafka is by all accounts endeavoring to uncover the disasters of modernization and the ascent of foundations all through society. The Trial focuses on the absurdities of the lawful framework, a framework that Kafka probably been all around familiar during his legitimate examinations. Kafka is by all accounts very worried about keeps an eye on endurance in the cutting edge world and the loss of rights and opportunities that he should persevere. .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d , .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d .postImageUrl , .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d , .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d:hover , .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d:visited , .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d:active { border:0!important; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d:active , .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d:hover { obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u72ab6f79ba9424c89c980a91c5341e9d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: My Parent Child Observation At A Restaurant EssayKafka is by all accounts attempting to caution his perusers of the unavoidable idea of degenerate powers in the public arena. Kafkas books were progressive at that point and hold a significant spot in twentieth century writing. Kafka scrutinized the cultural standards that were getting ordinary and normal. In the Trial, Kafka unmistakably dissects administration and the unreasonable acts of enormous governments. It is fundamental that we comprehend the advancement of these frameworks (which significantly sway us today) just as plainly comprehend the lunacy of a p ortion of the approaches that those very frameworks bring to the table. Kafka is attempting to transfer a message of analysis that he expectations will make society wake up to the treacheries that compromise singular opportunities. Kafka holds a significant spot in abstract history himself. He is viewed as one of the most noteworthy figures in present day world writing; the term Kafkaesque has, truth be told, come to be applied ordinarily to peculiar, nervousness delivering social conditions or their treatment in writing. Kafkas style and message lives on through his writing right up 'til the present time. His message to be careful with clumsy organization and firmly watch our own freedoms is as yet legitimate right up 'til today.

Differences in Consumer and Business Markets

Assessment of Consumer Markets When looking at either the U.S. or on the other hand Chinese markets at the current it is essential to initially observe the effect the worldwide re-appropriating industry has had on both economies.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Differences in Consumer and Business Markets explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Outsourcing is a manner by which organizations lessen operational costs by moving a specific division or part of the organization to a global area that has less expensive work, lower creation and utility expenses just as having neighborhood government units that advance business using unique monetary zones that have far lower or close to no tax assessment (seen in Qingdao district of China and the Subic sound region inside the Philippines) (Brown, 2010). This is conceivable because of the manner by which globalization has interconnected markets so that strategies for correspondence, financing and transport ation have made moving organizations and items starting with one worldwide area then onto the next quicker, simpler or more all moderate for organizations. Redistributing and its Effect on China It was because of this that an unmistakable pattern underway re-appropriating started in the U.S. during the late 1980s and quickened during the late 1990s wherein more organizations started redistributing their assembling offices to areas, for example, India and China (Brown, 2010). This is a significant factor to observe since as redistributing inside China became so did the country’s financial, modern and business foundation bringing about the making of a socialist country with an entrepreneur based mechanical economy (Brown, 2010). With specific factors, for example, innovation procedures and moves happening this empowered nearby Chinese business visionaries to adjust these advances into their own organizations bringing about a resulting blast in China’s fabricating foundat ion empowering China to make items that it in any case would not have had the option to previously. It was because of this that another Chinese privileged was shaped out of the subsequent monetary advancement that has proceeded until the present. In view of current measurable information from the Chinese Ministry of Statistics it is evaluated that China is home to 35 million recently rich Chinese that have what can be depicted as an authentic â€Å"hunger† for western dress, items, nourishment and accessories.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on this data various universal brands going from extravagance merchandise to vehicle creators thought about the current Chinese market as a future essential market for their items and administrations. This isn't amazing considering the sheer size of import utilization inside China as the recently rich keep on energ izing China’s economy. The U.S. Shopper Market Today In correlation the U.S. purchaser showcase today has deteriorated as well as is obviously in downturn as shopper investing is at an all energy low while dependence on government associate projects is at an untouched high (Consumers Not Buying, Manufacturing Slowing, 2011). The starting point of the present issue can be associated with the U.S. lodging emergency wherein banks loaned purchasers more cash than they could stand to take care of with different venture organizations repackaging the terrible obligation into what gave off an impression of being reasonable speculations yet when customers neglected to pay their home loans this made a money related domino impact which up till this day has influenced the U.S. economy (Consumers Not Buying, Manufacturing Slowing, 2011). The impacts of this can be found in how organizations inside the U.S. have downsized their activities, how up to 8,000,000 Americans at the present are j obless with different elements making a choke hang on the economy bringing about shopper spending being reigned back for alert during such troublesome monetary occasions which has additionally disintegrated the nearby economy since purchaser spending is the essential driver of a sound economy. Proposal It depends on this assessment of the two economies that it can obviously be seen that the organization would be in an ideal situation taking into account the Chinese market and downsizing activities inside U.S. markets until such a period, that the circumstance in the U.S. would improve. The characteristic issue with attempting to sell items inside a nearby economy experiencing such an extent of negative purchaser spending is that it gets more diligently to make up the expense of doing activities per item sold. Factors, for example, conveyance, stockpiling, store operational costs, worker pay rates, neighborhood burdens just as different expenses must be contemplated when selling an i tem. On the off chance that too scarcely any individuals are purchasing this outcomes in the organization engrossing the expense of keeping up tasks which over a delayed timeframe will be inconvenient for the company’s proceeded with endurance. It depends on this that it is suggested that soon it would be fitting for the organization to change gears and start a moderate decrease in U.S. based tasks and increment activities and deals inside China.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Differences in Consumer and Business Markets explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Examination of Business Markets China’s Family Culture in Business Dealings When inspecting the nearby business markets of both the U.S. what's more, China there are a few intriguing contrasts between the two which the organization should contemplate before wandering into the neighborhood business showcase inside China (Chow Shan, 2007). As a matter of first importance what mus t be comprehended is that inside China cultural culture mixes with business culture so that an enormous level of business to business advertising and selling is done along family lines. This is because of the way that the Chinese spot a lot of significance on keeping up familial binds when contrasted with the U.S. wherein such angles don’t factor as much when it comes into professional interactions. While such a framework creates a specific type of security and trust inside business to professional interactions the reality remains this makes a generally threatening condition for remote organizations endeavoring to go into business advertises inside China (Chow Shan, 2007). While the facts may demonstrate that there are various effective professional interactions inside the nation among remote and nearby organizations the reality remains that this doesn’t mirror the remainder of the professional interactions inside the nation itself. Not just that there is a disrupting pattern inside the nation with respect to innovation moves that ought to be taken in thought before considering business advertising. China’s â€Å"Bandit† Culture Seven years back different Japanese and European organizations, for example, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Siemens, Alstrom and Bombardier spearheaded the formation of China’s fast rail framework in the conviction that they would access a worthwhile multibillion dollar advertise. Rather the different business organizations they had with neighborhood Chinese organizations brought about shared innovation being used to build up new rapid train organizations that matched not just the outside train organizations inside China’s local market yet inside universal markets too (Kwok-Bun, Luk, V Xun Wang, 2005). Actually any remote organization that builds up a creation base inside China needs to manage what is known as â€Å"shanzhai† or â€Å"bandit culture† in that their assembling procedure s will in all likelihood be taken, duplicated and used so as to deliver a similar item at a far lower cost than the first (Dietz, Lin Yang, 2005).Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More It should likewise be noticed that most banks inside China are constrained by the state and as such due to China’s current local arrangement of supporting enterprise should the business appear to be suitable the people who have acquired the methods for using the taken innovation can in actuality bank roll the beginning of their own organizations with the full help of the administration. This makes an unfathomably tricky circumstance for any organization in any event, considering endeavoring to go into business showcases inside China. It should likewise be noticed that protected innovation rights are frequently not as carefully authorized inside China when contrasted with different areas, for example, the U.S. what's more, Europe and as such despite the fact that the innovation has been taken it is far-fetched that the culprits will even be indicted (Dietz, Lin Yang, 2005). The business to business showcase in the U.S. then again has a plenty of various guidelines and guideline s explicitly forestalling the burglary of protected innovation rights. Not just that, business to professional interactions are done for the most part under the procedure of which business can give the best item or administration at the most reasonable expense and as such is progressively helpful towards powerful business associations. End Based on what has been introduced in this paper it tends to be seen that there are two unmistakable methodologies the organization ought to use in its professional interactions with either the Chinese or U.S. markets. Above all else it tends to be seen that the buyer showcase in China introduces itself as the best road for deals and as such the organization should expand its market entrance inside the Chinese purchaser advertise while steadily lessening its present piece of the pie inside the U.S. until the monetary circumstance improves. Then again it tends to be seen that the business showcasing circumstance in China is loaded with an assortment of dangerous conditions and as such it is suggested that the organization center around business marke

The War Against Middle School Essay Topics

The War Against Middle School Essay Topics To compose a middle school essay outline step one is to recognize the sort of essay you will need to write. America lags behind many nations in education. The introduction will include a thesis statement. Write a narrative essay in which you describe the experience and the way that it made you feel. The process for writing a descriptive essay is quite simple and you ought to don't hesitate to try it upon your own. A timeless format for compositions is the five-paragraph essay it isn't the only format for writing an essay, naturally, but it's a handy model for you to keep in. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. In the event that you were given a task to compose an essay, you should first understand what sort of essay you're expected to write. You may write an article in a sort of a persuasive essay if you prefer to influence your readers to believe a specific notion. Before making up a last choice, think about the simple fact your essay is a bit of academic writing, which means it ought to be relevant and rather formal. People in demand of case study research should rush to delight in our assistance. Even in case you have excellent writing skills, you should read a lot as a way to develop your approach and improve specific areas of your writing. Moreover, in as much as you wish to work on any area of interest, it's very good to focus one which is related to your area. Limiting the range of a historical argument enables students to think deeply about the reason why they support a specific answer to the crucial question. Opt for the period of life which you think is best and compose an essay arguing why it's the very best time of life. Afterwards, you should explain the explanations for which you support that side. Additionally, local issues are terrific things to speak about, including events by local libraries and similar things like that. Now write to persuade your parents to buy you a mobile phone or maybe to enable you to keep the cell phone you presently have. Middle School Essay Topics Help! Imagine your school does not own a school newspaper. Additionally, school life is quite different. Think of what you could do in order to make your school more beautiful. Think of one thing you're expected to learn in school that you don't think ought to be included in the curriculum. Once you comprehend the form of essay, it's time to choose a topic. As an example, let's say you decide on the very first topic from our list. Actually a very good controversial topic is likely to make a persuasive essay top ic all more interesting. In addition, there are so many middle school essay topics that are below the technical subject field. Thanks to the correct option of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you need to attain in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. It is crucial to keep reading new stuff and essays from experts so you can enhance your understanding and vocabulary. Some hobbies are merely diversions. One of the very first things to think about is what sort of essay you will write. There are a lot of intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to consider about doing it. 1 great benefit is that there are lots of topics and questions to be tackled. Directions for Writing Before you start writing, consider which is your favourite holiday and why. The third thing you ought to keep in mind while you pick a theme for your paper is that you want to choose a theme that you may actually research. If you succeed in picking a valid and intriguing topic for your assignment then the remainder of the procedure will be easier. The foundation of your paper is contingent upon the topic. The second thing which you need to not forget when you're attempting to opt for a superior theme for your middle school paper is to settle on a theme which truly interests you. When you're writing an academic paper it's important that you have a great introduction. It is crucial to remember that different kinds of essays need different style and approach. Therefore, if you're granted the chance by your instructor to compose an essay on a subject, which is free selection of your choice, don't forget to think about the possibilities as being endless. In addition, should you decide on a theme that interests you, the standard of your work will most likely be better, too.

The Social Responsibility Of Business - 1042 Words

Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as a business preparation that involves participating in creativities that help society. Friedman: The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase its profits. Milton Friedman argues that the only social responsibility a business has is to itself – mainly to its profits, and therefore, its stakeholders. The business management in charge of a company works for the organization and eventually for the stakeholders. This person is responsible for carrying out the commands that the stakeholders think important to the company reaching its goals. He feels that as long as business management brings out these needs in a way that follows the laws and ethical customs of society, this person has achieved their duty for society. He opposes that it is the duty of individuals, the administration, or different groups that are willingly made to take care of the needs of society. Business officials are charged with earning and spending corporate money. They symbolize the company and make choices for the benefit of the company. They know what it takes to create and sell the company’s product or service. If an administrative chooses a plan of social responsibility that is in conflicts with the company’s agenda of success, in Friedman’s opinion, this is a difference from the company’s goals and should cause the executive to be fired. Friedman does not believe a company executive with specific knowledge in their industry has the capability toShow MoreRelatedThe Social Responsibility Of Business932 Words   |  4 PagesA corporation does do business within a vacuum; rather exist as part of larger collective framework of society, stakeholders and a global business community. I believe that corporations which are profitable, and promote moral and ethical standards are the benchmark of success; additionally, corporations bear a great social responsibility to the society it exists within, an simply work ing within â€Å"the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom† is not enoughRead MoreBusiness and Social Responsibility1140 Words   |  5 PagesWhen a business gets incorporated regardless of the business size and the nature of profession requires an adequate execution methods for being successful and to achieve its goals. Some of these goals can be short-term or long-term, depends on the nature of business. Likewise, these execution methodologies can be vary time to time as the corporate needs to satisfy different groups of people such as : top hierarchy stakeholders, staffs ,shareholders, and even non-related business groups such as environmentalistsRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business be held accountable for these actions? In his essay â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit† Milton Friedman, powerful economist, discusses what a business sh ould prioritize in the economic system. Friedman declares what a business is responsible for and the guidelines they must follow. Due to Friedman’s view, he would not have condoned the actions and decisions that the executives at Ford Motor Company took. Friedman argues that the only responsibility a businessRead MoreThe Social Responsibility of a Business647 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Social Responsibility of Business: The role of business in the society became a major aspect across business after Milton Freedman wrote the most provocative article in 1970. As an economist, Freedman stated that the main purpose of businesses is to generate profits for its shareholders. Furthermore, he argued that companies with responsible attitudes were likely to encounter increased binding constraints unlike those that lacked these attitudes, resulting in them becoming less competitiveRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business787 Words   |  4 Pages The economist and Nobel laureate Milton Friedman’s article published in The New York Times Magazine in 1970 titled, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.† (NYTimes, 1970) set tone for companies all across the country and all over the world. Companies start to turn in profits that shattered all charts and stock markets. Beginning in 1960s to 1990s, Capitalism had won the cold war with its arch rival the Soviet Union had withered away into the oblivion and the companiesRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business be held accountable for these actions? In his essay â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit† Milton Friedman, powerful economist, discusses what a business should prioritize in the economic system. Friedman declares what a business is responsible for and the guidelines they must follow. Due to Friedman’s view, he would not have condoned the actio ns and decisions that the executives at Ford Motor Company took. 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In view of this, this paper will discuss and define the concept of social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society; how the perspectives align with that of Drucker; comparing Cohen’s opinion with that of Friedman and finally determines which of the two individual’s opinion best aligns with the current business climate promotingRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business Essay1959 Words   |  8 Pagesagree or disagree with the following quotation: â€Å"There is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage i n activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say engages in free and open competition, without deception and fraud.† Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize winning economist. In other words, the social responsibility of business is to make a profit. I do not agree with the following quote by Milton FriedmanRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1463 Words   |  6 PagesIn his paper titled The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits†, Milton Friedman addresses the key issue of weighing social responsibility against profit maximization for shareholders. This conflict is the basis for Friedman’s whole paper, as he explores the two sides of the situation. In order to set up his argument, Friedman lays down a framework by explicitly stating a certain premise. This is that businessman view â€Å"social responsibility† and profit as not being mutually

SocietyS Impact Pertaining To Juveniles And Death Penalty.

Society s Impact Pertaining to Juveniles and Death Penalty The juvenile death penalty and in turn the death penalty are a much-debated topic. Society has conflicting views on the two topics, and these views have impacted the laws concerning the death penalty and juvenile death penalty. Eventually, societal views have made changes to both issues over time. The Death Penalty The death penalty is â€Å"death as a punishment given by court of law for very serious crimes. It is also referred to as capital punishment† (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2017). In other words, if a person commits a crime that their government, State and/or Federal, considers a capital offence then that person is susceptible to receive a death sentence as punishment for†¦show more content†¦Only one signer of the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Rush, opposed the death penalty† (ProCon, 2013). On April 30, 1790, the Congress established Federal Death Penalty, and then on June 25, 1790 Thomas Bird was the first federal execution (ProCon, 2013). â€Å"Starting around 1833, public executions were attacked as cruel. Many states enacted laws providing private hangings. Rhode Island (1833), Pennsylvania (1834), New York (1835), Massachusetts (1835), and New Jersey (1835) all abolished public hangings† (ProCon, 2013). In the 1880s Thomas Edison building electrical lighting systems in U.S. cities, and to demonstrate its power he would electrocute animals. This led to people wanting to use electrocution as an execution method. Then on August 6, 1890, an electric chair was used for the first time on the murderer William Kemmler in the state of New York. Then, on February 8, 1924 the first person to be executed by cyanide gas via a gas chamber was Gee Jon, a Chinese gang member. (ProCon, 2013) (Clark, 2017). From 1967 to 1972 there was a voluntary moratorium (ban or halt) because public opinion turned against the death penalty. Legal authorities were questioning whether executions were against the Eighth Amendment for cruel and unusual punishment. Public support for the death penalty fell to its lowest point where only 42% of Americans approved of the death penalty. This halt of the deathShow MoreRelatedEssay Juvenile Delinquency5272 Words   |  22 PagesJuvenile Delinquency Amy Cowan CRJ 422 Prof. Angela Hermosillo November 15, 2010 Juvenile Delinquency Introduction Can we as a society truly reduce the rate of juvenile crime and violence? â€Å"Throughout all time there has been delinquency. It may not have had the delinquency label, but it still existed. Juvenile crime is mentioned as far back as ancient Sumeria and Hammurabi, where laws concerning juvenile offenders first appear in writtenRead MoreJuvenile Crime Issues in Today’s Criminal Justice System18893 Words   |  76 Pagesrights that may be threatened by technological advances and other developments:  ©  ©  ©  © chapter 15 Juvenile Justice chapter 16 Drugs and Crime chapter 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice chapter 18 The Future of Criminal Justice These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these present and emerging community concerns: Widespread drug abuse among youth The threat of juvenile crime Urban gang violence High-technology, computer, and Internet crime (cybercrime) TerrorismRead MoreProvincial Jail10855 Words   |  44 PagesARCHITECTURE APPLICATION 32 5.1 Project profile and analysis 32 5.1.1 Description of the project 32 5.1.2 Project Rationale 33 5.1.3 Project Practicability 33 5.2 Site profile and analysis 34 5.2.1 Description of site 34 5.2.2 Laws and ordinances pertaining to the site 36 5.2.3 Bureau of Jail Management and Penology: Manual on Habitat: Space and Quarters, Water and Sanitation and Hygiene 37 5.3 Site analysis 38 6 DEFINATION OF TERMS 41 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 42 8 APPENDIX 44 8.1 Details of Provincial JailRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 Pageswith domestic violence and the judgements that society imposes upon victims. This research also provides an evaluation of one of the existing support services designed to educate women about the reality of domestic violence and abuse and outlines the impact and effects of that which is taught upon the lives of those taking part. Introduction There are certain differences in the terminology and language used to explain and define domestic violence. This is often attributable to the way inRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesunderstand its distinctive learner-focused features especially the five-step learning model: Skill Assessment, Skill Learning, Skill Analysis, Skill Practice, and Skill Application. You’ll also find informative research on how much managers’ actions impact individual and organizational performance, and the characteristics of effective managers. †¢ Thoughtfully complete the Skill Assessment surveys in each chapter. These diagnostic tools are designed to help you identify which specific aspects of each

Law of Business Organizations for Morton and Eric- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLaw of Business Organizations for Morton and Eric. Answer: This particular question is related to the breach of director duties which relates to the duty of directors to use the information of the company for proper purpose, particularly the information which they have obtained by holding a key position in the company in a manner which is detrimental for the company or where an advantage if attained for themselves or for someone else, under the general law and as per the statutory law of Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth), specifically its section 183. Under section 182 of this act, a similar prohibition has been placed on the misuse of position held by the director. This question is also related to the breach of director duties which relates to the duty of directors to act in good faith, for proper purpose and in the best interest of the company under the general law and as per the statutory law of Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth), specifically its section 181.The main issues of this case relates to the breach of director duties by Morton and Eric. As the non-executive directors of the company, it was the duty of both these directors to work towards the benefit of the company. It was the duty of Eric to disclose that there was a conflict of interest and not to misuse the information and position which he had by being a non-executive director of GoldCoin Bank Ltd. In ASIC v Stephen William Vizard[2005] FCA 1037, Vizard dealt with the companys shares and obtained a personal advantage for himself as he used the confidential information of Telstra which he had gained by holding the position of director in it. As a result of this, a penalty of $390,000 was imposed on him and he was also disqualified from managing the affairs of the company for ten years. It is very clear in this case that Eric misused the information which he got by holding the position of non-executive director in the company. He used his position to persuade the other directors to get the deal signed with Tricky Partners. By doing so, he caused detriment to the co mpany and gained advantage for himself thereby breaching his director duties under the general law and the one under the statutory law. Based on the quoted case, he could be disqualified and penalised. He had to disclose material personal interest per section 191-195, which was again not done. When it comes to Eric, it was his duty to act in the best interest of the company. When he was aware of, or had suspicion about the conduct of Morton, he should have gone to the board and raised this issue. It was his duty to work in the best interest, which he failed to do. By skipping the meeting, he further breached his director duties. On this basis, it can be concluded that there had been indeed breach of director duties on part of Morton and Eric. This particular question is related to the breach of director duties which relates to the duty of good faith and avoiding conflict of interest, apart from not misusing the crucial information of the company based on the general law and under section 181 and 183 of the CA. Apart from this, the question also has the traits of oppressive conduct on part of the three directors against Oistrakh. The key issue of this case relates to the misuse of position in the company and conflict of interest on part of three directors of the company and regarding the oppressive conduct by the three directors. Section 232 of CA gives the option to the minority shareholders of the company to apply for relief before the court where the conduct of the directors can be deemed as oppressive, discriminatory, or prejudicial. And the remedies can be claimed under section 233 of this act where the order can be made by the court which includes remedies like winding up the company, modification of constitution, appointing a receiver, and the like. In Hillam v Ample Source International Ltd (No. 2) (2012) FCAFC 73 it was held that the conduct of the board was oppressive toward the minority shareholders, as a result of which, the company had to be wound up and the sale proceedings to be distributed. The given case study shows that a conflict of interest was not avoided by the three directors in addition to the misuse of information of the company, resulting in breaches of section 181 and 183. This meant that a breach of director duties did take place for Oistrakhs colleagues. The conduct of the three directors was oppressive towards Oistrakh as he was a minority shareholder who was sidelined in the meetings and not informed about the key projects of the company. As a result of this, Oistrakh can apply for section 233 remedies. He can get the company to be wound up owing to this breach of director duties towards the shareholder and also as they had misused the information of the company to gain personal advantage, in addition to not working in the best interest of the company. Thus, the three directors breached their duties for which Oistrakh can apply for remedies particularly based on the quoted case. On this basis, it can be concluded that there had been indeed breach of director duties on part of Oistrakhs colleagues owing to the oppressive conduct. This particular question is related to the breach of director duties which relates to the duty of the directors to not involve in any such activities which can result in the company being insolvent or undertake any transaction when the company is already insolvent based on the common law and section 588G of the CA. The key issue of this case relates to the possible breach of the quoted section by Hawker under the general or statutory law. For successful application of this section, there is a need to show that the person had been a director when the debt was incurred by the company; that the company was already insolvent or became insolvent after incurring these debts; and had reasonable grounds for suspecting the insolvency of the company. As per Woodgate v Davis (2002) 55 NSWLR 222, this duty is meant to protect the welfare of the companys stakeholders. Metropolitan Fire Systems Pty Ltd v Miller (1997) 23 ACSR 699 provided that expectation of solvency has to be showed beyond mere hopes and there have to be grounds to prove that company had been solvent at that time, in order for the defence under section 588H to apply. In the given case, Hawker had the doubt that the company might be put under administration by the 50% shareholder of AvantGarde. And to safeguard her reputation, she indulged in a conduct which breached her director duties mentioned in the previous segments. She failed to act in best interest of Comet and just wanted to protect her own image. This was a breach of her director duties under section 181 as she failed to work in the best interest of the company. Also, this breached the general law duty as she gave supremacy to her interests before the company. Apart from this, the director duty covered under section 588G can also be claimed to have been breached here. She embezzled the funds which led to the insolvency of the company, as the same was coupled with the other fiasco. The shortfalls created in cash reserve are indicator of the company going in financial crunch. However, for this breach, Hawker can claim defence under section 588H where she can show that she expected solvency. And this can be based on different proofs which she would have to present. She can also show that had the other fiasco not taken place, the company would have been solvent. So, the liabilities under section 588G may or may not apply, and would depend upon the material presented by Hawkes. The duties owed towards AvantGarde were also breached as Hawkes was a director there and misused the position in the company and the information of AvantGarde and used it to her benefit in form of embezzling funds. So, her duties were also breached towards the other company. To conclude from the facts given, it is clear that Hawkes, by embezzling funds, breached the director duty of good faith towards both the companies. And there is also a chance of raising a case of breach of duty under section 588G, which may or may not be successful. This particular question is related to the breach of director duties which relates to the duty of applying care and diligence while the duties are being discharged and the powers are being used based on the general law and under section 180 of the Corporations Act, 2001. The key issue of this case relates to the breach of director duties by the COO of the company, along with the possible defences which can be used by him in this regard. The duty which is owed by the directors towards the company has to be discharged in a careful and diligent manner. ASIC v Healey (2011) 83 ACSR 484 provides that each member of the board has a responsibility and the same cannot be delegated to others. When it comes to the directors holding special skills, there is a need to show a standard by such person who professes to have the particular skill. For instance, ASIC v Vines (2003) 48 ACSR 322 saw Vines being appointed for his special skill and when the same was not properly done, he was held liable. Applying these rules to the case of COO, he was a person who had special skills in terms of being the operating officer. So, he had to be a specialist in the operations work. He had separate responsibility which cannot be fulfilled through delegation. So, when the report was prepared by the people appointed by him, he had the duty to check for the same. This is particularly because the duty of preparing the report was given to him by the board, which he had delegated. And as the report proved wrong, he would be deemed to have breached his director duties under section 180 owing to his special skill set. Here, he can cite the defence under section 198D that he had delegated the duty. However, there is a need to highlight that the duty can be delegated but not the responsibility. His defence would be successfully only when he can show that he was at all times fulfilling the duties imposed on him and reasonably believed on the report after making relevant inquiries. However, this defence would fail owing to his special skill knowledge and nothing to show that he properly checked the report. There is nothing in the case study to show that he was reliable or competent when he delegated his duty to new graduates who lacked the relevant experience and thus required to be supervised. Key information had been negligently omitted, which was his duty to ensure that the report had. On this basis, it can be concluded that there had been indeed breach of director duties on part of COO and the defences would not be able to help him owing to his special knowledge. This particular question is related to the breach of director duties which relates to the duty of applying care and diligence while the duties are being discharged and the powers are being used based on the general law and under section 180 of the Corporations Act, 2001 and the defence available under section 189. The key issue of this case relates to the breach of director duties by the directors of the company, along with the possible defences which can be used by them in this regard. Section 189 provides a leading defence to the directors when they rely upon the information which is provided by others. When reliance is made on report presented by person who is an expert, where the directors have reasons to believe that the given information is correct, than the directors cannot be blamed for a breach of their duties, owing to reliance made on good faith and reasonable reliance of the directors. Reliance has to be shown to having being made in good faith and only after making independent assessment. And till the time something contrary can be proved, the reliance is deemed to be reasonable. In this regard, there is a need to apply the case of AWA v Daniels (1992) 9 ACSR 383 which provides that a standard of care has to be applied by the directors as would be done by a reasonable person while doing their job and that there was no uniform standard for all directors. Undertaking the investment after relying upon the report presented by the COO of the company, the company had to bear major loss. In this regard, the board can cite the defence that they relied on the information presented by the COO as a defence and be discharged from the liabilities arising from not being careful or diligent. AWA v Daniels shows that each director has to follow different standard. And so, the petroleum engineer and the geology expert directors would not have uniform liabilities, as was for other directors. This is particularly as these two directors held special knowledge, which had to be applied to analyse the report. Thus, these two directors would be liable. This is particularly because the shortfalls of the report would be obvious to a geologist or engineer who was reasonably competent. On these bases, it can be concluded that save for two directors, all the directors would be deemed to have fulfilled their director duties; but the geology expert and petroleum engineer directors would be deemed to have contravened section 180. This particular question is related to the breach of director duties which relates to the duty of the directors to not involve in any such activities which can result in the company being insolvent or undertake any transaction when the company is already insolvent based on section 588G of the CA. The question also focuses on the possible defences available with the directors. The key issue of this case relates to the possible breach of the quoted section by the directors under the statutory law. As has been touched upon earlier, it is the duty of the directors to not indulge in such activities where the company becomes insolvent. The defences from the liability under this section are available under section 588H, where the directors have to show that they have reasons to believe that the company would be solvent after undertaking the particular transaction. Applying these sections to the case study, it would be deemed that the directors of ShaleRock had contravened their director duties as they allowed the company to continue running their operations even when the company was about to become insolvent. Instead of working on improving the position of the company, they chose to ignore the advice of CFO where it was clearly shown that the company was at a risk of insolvency and that there was a need to minimize the losses. The transfer of company funds to joint venture, which had been advised against by the executive chairman of the company was still undertaken. So, the company was already facing insolvency, the directors were aware of it and yet they incurred further debts for the company, which means section 588 was contravened. The defence under section 588H would not be helpful as the directors had no grounds to believe on the solvency of the company. The funds were transferred when the CFO had informed the board about potential insolvent condition and when the executive chairman had advised against it. This means that the directors of ShaleRock failed in discharging their director duties properly and led to the companys insolvent position. The executive chairman though can be safeguarded from the liabilities under section 588H as he had advised the board against such step and also, as he was not available at the meeting owing to health issues. However, even this defence of the executive director would fail based on Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Clark (2003) 21 ACLC 1,063 as the health issue was more of cosmetic grounds instead of life threatening issue, as this was lack of good reason. On these bases, it can be concluded that the directors of ShaleRock would be deemed to have contravened their director duties as they transferred the funds of the company when the company was already facing insolvency, thus breaching section 588G and the defence under section 588H would not help them.

Summary of Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall free essay sample

Why leaves turn color in the fall, she describes how the seasons give way to fall and how the leaves began to change color. She goes into detail on the chemical and scientific process of this change as well as the difference in color among the species of plants in many parts of the world. She even makes a metaphorical reference that the fall colors signal death and goes on to explain how death brings new life in the end. She gives us plenty of information on the chemical and scientific process of how the leaves began to change color. She explains that process of color change is directly controlled by the sun’s light. Towards the end of summer the trees start to pull the nutrients back into its trunk and starve off the leaves. As those leaves began to starve, they stop producing the pigment chlorophyll which gives the leaves their green color. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The leaves began to show yellow and red as the chlorophyll breaks down. With no pigment being produced, all the leaves will turn color over time. She tells us that there is a pigment called Anthocyanin, which causes the leaves to turn red. This pigment varies from year to year depending on the temperature and sunlight. She informs that us that this phenomenon occurs all over the world and explains that different trees and species of plants in other parts of the world change to different colors do to the climate. Where as in European maples don’t have the red coloring that the American maples have because it’s a warmer in part of the world then the other. So in Europe the warm, humid weather turns the leaves more of a brown or light yellow color. She gives many references to many different types of plants and the colors they change to. Elms and weeping willows turn a bright yellow, whereas Basswood turns bronze and birches a bright golden color. She makes reference to the sun as the cause of this change by explaining that one side of hill might have color and not the other cause of more sun exposure. She begins to get into the symbolic aspects of how the color change and fall of the leaves signal the coming of death and change. We see the beautiful colors and in our minds know what fate is next for the leaves. She tells us even though the leaves lose their green; they bloom with colors like aging, and fall dead and brittle. This is the ever repeating cycle of life and death, but with colors that signal that event of the plants life cycle. She refers to the way the leaves fall randomly in every which direction as a way to remind us that the end of a season is as unpredictable as is the end of life. When we see the changes of the colors in the leaves and the â€Å"magic† happening before our eyes, it can be compared to the cycle of life in general. Green like the start of new life, then the colors signifying age in that cycle, then finally the fall of the brittle leave that signals death. She hints at the tender shoots that are protected by the dead leaves that fell, and that thus new life is born from the leaves that fall.

Cholera The Forgotten Disease Essays - Medicine, Clinical Medicine

Cholera The Forgotten Disease Essays - Medicine, Clinical Medicine Cholera The Forgotten Disease Cholera the Forgotten Disease It seems every time we hear of a major flood or earthquake in a developing country, we hear once again about cholera. Cholera has been very rare in industrial nations, such as the USA, for the last 100 years, however, what we do not realize is that cholera is endemic in many small countries which have limited drinking water and sewage treatment facilities. Caused by an infection of bacterium Vibrio Cholerae in the intestine, a cholera infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes is severe. Symptoms appear 2 to 3 days after initial exposure. Approximately one in 20 infected persons display symptoms of water diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps; this rapid lose of body fluids leads to dehydration and sometimes shock. These fluids must be replaced either intravenously or by drinking liquids such as fruit juice, soup, or fluids called oral rehydration salts, which replace electrolytes. Antibiotics may be proscribed to shorten the duration of diarrhea and excretion of bacteria in feces. Without treatment, death may occur in hours. Although cholera can be life-threating, it can easily be prevented and treated. A vaccine for cholera is available; however, it confers only brief, 2 to 6 months, and incomplete immunity, only about 50% effective. It is not recommended. Since cholera is still common in other parts of the world, everyone, especially travelers, should be aware of how the disease is transmitted and what can be done to prevent it. The disease is not likely to spread directly from one person to another; therefore, casual contact with an infected person is not a risk for becoming ill. A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. In an epidemic, the source of the contamination is usually the feces of an infected person entering the main water source. The cholera bacterium may also live in brackish rivers and coastal waters. Shellfish from infected waters can cause infection. Unwashed fresh fruits and vegetables irrigated with tainted water can also infect. Prevention of cholera is easy. When in a possibly infected area: cook the food properly, eat foods promptly after their preparation including shellfish, fruits and vegetables, avoid drinking untreated water, and wash your hands thoroughly with soap often. Cholera will not have great impact on me as a surgical technologist. It is not common in the United States, and since it is not transmitted directly from person to person, there is no risk of the Operating room staff transmitting the disease from the patient. If an ill patient is scheduled, elective surgery will be postponed, and in the case of emergency surgery on someone with cholera, their fluids will be monitored meticulously. In closing, cholera, although not prevalent, is a threat to world travelers. Education of the causes, treatment, and prevention are a travelers first line of defense

E-Shopping System for Educational Needs Assignment

E-Shopping System for Educational Needs - Assignment Example Search for products: A Search box would be provided in every page of the application where the user can type in a text of their choice (matching the search criteria). In addition, two or more drop-down lists would be employed for selecting the categories and subcategories to refine the search more precisely and also to ease the task of customers for entering additional texts. Order a product: The e-Shopping application would have an exclusive order processing module. Users can order any number of products from the appropriate page. The system would offer a secure payment gateway for making payments using a variety of modes like internet banking, credit cards, and PayPal. Place an inquiry: In order to facilitate bulk bookings for Corporate/Academic Institutions, an option to place requests or inquire about the availability of the required quantity of products and also the expected invoice would be offered. Track the order: Track your order option would be opened to customers as soon as the payment is made and the order request is completed. Users can track the order based on the order id or combination of customer id and the order date. View Order History: View History option would be enabled for all registered customers in order to view the history of all their transactions. It would not only include all the completed orders but also includes details for canceled and pending orders if any. Apart from all these functionalities and features, session variables/cookies would also implement so that the application would remember the users visiting the site and would welcome them with their name (if registered) and their last visited date and time. The system is implemented with the overall assumption that there is a stable internet connection available throughout the period of transaction.  

Fayols Systematic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fayols Systematic Management - Essay Example Fayol as the head of the school of Systematic Management was inspired to develop a theoretical foundation for the managerial education program that was based on his experience as a managing director of a successful mining company. In the past, the managers had no formal training and Fayol observed that with an increase in the number of organizations in the society, more professional management would be required (Cunningham, 2001). Mintzberg on the other hand focuses on the business strategies used in organizations to be successful since strategies can be implemented at any point during business operations (Harindranath, 2002). This paper is going to discuss the extent to which Fayol’s classic analysis of the management function has largely been made redundant by the more recent empirical studies of what managers actually do such as that favored by Mintzberg. The paper will explain the different perspectives on management taken by Fayol and Mintzberg and their approaches to the study of management. Planning involves initiating plans of events to be done that combines unity, flexibility, precision, and continuity given the business’s resources, type of work, and the future trends. Robbins et al. (2013) noted that creating an action plan is the most challenging of the other tasks, as it requires contribution and participation from the entire organisation. According to Fayol’s perspective, planning is coordinated at different levels and at diverse time horizons. Organising entails providing personnel, capital, and raw materials that are required for the daily operations of the firm and constructing a structure to match the work (Kreitner, 2009).

With close reference to the setting Essay Example for Free

With close reference to the setting Essay With close reference to the setting of Psycho and Edward Scissor hands discuss how the directors use elements of the Gothic tradition. The gothic tradition is rooted in many great works of fiction such as, Wuthering Heights and Dracula. It comprises many distinct features including Gothic architecture, lighting and the colour black. Setting is a very important aspect of the gothic tradition. In the two film texts studied Psycho and Edward Scissor hands, the directors have used the gothic tradition to create interesting effects. To define the word gothic when being used in the form of a novel, one can say that it contains supernatural or horrifying events. Alfred Hitchcock the director of Psycho, uses many effective camera shots throughout the film to add depth and tension to the atmosphere of the scene that the viewer can easily relate to. For example when Marion the leading female role is traveling on the highway in her car towards the Bates Motel, prior to her arrival the scene shows a very open and light space around her. There is lots of other traffic on the same stretch of road and gives a presence of safety in numbers to the viewer. As the sunset starts to emerge the lighting dims and Hitchcock uses a medium close-up shot of Marion in the car, the focal point being her face that is the only luminous thing that can be seen. The background behind her is not clearly visible and is set to a Gothic shadow view. As she continues to drive away further from her home the weather changes to heavy rain, the whole atmosphere draws in on her and the frantic music that plays adjacent to the fantastic camera shots results in a penetrative impact upon the viewer. As she continues driving it comes to attention that there is no other traffic visible. Solitarily driving down the highway Hitchcock takes a shot that shows what Marion would see from behind the windscreen. He takes a high angle shot looking down on to the road and all that can be seen are the road markings lit up by the headlights and only stretches so far as approximately 100cm in front of the car. This gives a feeling of isolation and curiosity as to what lies on the tarmac ahead. When Marion finally pulls of the highway and into Bates Motel, one of the fist camera shots we see is of a large house in shadow. Hitchcock films it using a low angle shot to make the house look more superior and threatening, this camera technique is used to make the viewer feel vulnerable. The house is of a very Gothic nature, the lighting especially created to set the old, menacing house in a black shadow so that the outline is only visible, contrasting against the night sky. The house has a very overgrown ramshackle appearance and there are only two lights that can be seen both coming from two upstairs windows that are set closely on one of the corner rooms. The blinds of both windows are drawn and then the viewer is able to see Mothers figure as a shadow walking past the window, and almost looks like a ghost more than a human. Later, when Marion is in her cabin, Hitchcock takes a camera shot of her standing in front of a mirror. He cleverly does this to reinforce in the viewers mind the illusion that Psycho is not a film but reality as if there was a camera crew taking the shot then they would be seen also n the reflection. Hitchcock then diverts the camera to an open window beside her bed, it is almost as if it is letting the darkness in from the outside of her room and the view beyond the window frame is of the house. The house has become even darker and no visible features can be seen eg. The front door. It is completely shot in darkness and is just an outlined silhouette, next to the house stands a single very ugly drawn tree that is also in shadow, only allowing its shape to be seen due to the lighter background. This creates a very eerie feeling that the music adds to which all highly compliment the Gothic Tradition. Behind the motel is an isolated, desolate area that is largely overgrown and is where the swamp situated to dispose of Marion and her belongings lies. It is enclosed by spindly trees that have no leaves or blossom; this makes them look dead, and makes the area look unattractive. The colour black is used very much throughout this film to emphasize all the Gothic elements that Hitchcock has used to perfect the setting. When Marion accepts the invite to go and eat her dinner in the parlour from the main office, stuffed birds surround her and Hitchcock makes a particularly remarkable shot in which Marion is in the bottom right hand side of the camera and behind her left shoulder can be seen a huge owl with its wings spread out to make her look like she was its victim that it was about to pounce on, kill and eat. The stuffed birds are everywhere and those towards the ceiling almost look as though they are circling above her in flight. They are made to look even more menacing by their shadows that create a larger image of them that creates an enlarging image of them. The birds are all birds of prey and in one shot that focuses of Marion you are able to see a stuffed crow behind her which symbolizes death! At one point during this particular scene Hitchcock uses a very clever camera shot in which hes in alignment with one of the birds of prey to show that the bird is a representative of him and his evilness. The bird that represents him is then seen above two pictures of naked women who represent Marion when shes in the shower, so in a sense almost gives away what will happen next through imagery! The birds are the most Gothic features of that scene but all the other props that are used also have a Gothic appeal, for example- the swirly, long candlesticks. To emphasize the charactors of the two people Hitchcock has placed the light beside Marion so that when the camera shoots at her, her face is lit up and when it focuses on him he is in shadow and in a darkened corner away from the light. Just before he commits the murder Hitchcock takes another shot of the house on the mount using the same low angle camera technique that gives the impression of power. The two lights that were bright upstairs have now been turned down to a minimal level of lighting and dark black clouds have congregated in the background which gives a far more atmospheric feeling to the surroundings of the Motel. Hitchcock chose to make all the bathroom facilities and decoration brilliant white so there would be a bigger more lucive contrast with the blood red when Marion was stabbed to death. When she is in the shower Hitchcock always uses a medium close-up, high angle shot to show that Marion is vulnerable, small and weak. However when the camera is on Bates it looks up to him like the house and so gives him a sense of superiority as well. Edward Scissor hands the other film studied, also showed Gothic elements that had been used to create a successful effect by the Director, James Burton. Burton starts the film off with a magical fairy tale beginning where a grandmother is telling her granddaughter a bed time story. As she starts to tell it the camera shoots through snow which eventually reveals a big mansion on top of a cliff. Suburbia the small community of average people lies below the cliff and unlike the mansion that stands upon it, is a brightly coloured, happy and social place. Burton uses camera shots to depict the huge contrast between the community and the isolated, solitary house on the hill. Within the mansion walls, where the only resident is Edward Scissor hands, the camera pans through an overgrown driveway into a magical garden. As Peggy Boggs, one of the main charactors of the film enters the mansion drive the whole setting takes a vast atmospherical change. The set from being very neat and tidy, changes almost indistinguishably to an overgrown, unkept, confined garden. Such props as stone gargoyles are used to emphasise the Gothic feeling that Burton tries to pass to the audience. What strikes one as most odd and is a great contrast to Psycho is the word that Peggy Boggs uses to describe the house, she describes it as beautiful and Burton uses a high angle shot that shows a close up image of her magical facial expression as she says it. The garden although firstly thought was poorly kept takes a dramatical change as Peggy Boggs goes further in and has a huge colourful array of flowers and many thriving, healthy green bushes that have been carved in to remarkable animal figures. Burton uses this scenery to make the house seem less threatening than it did on first impressions from the start of the driveway. This scene is also taken in daylight, with a bright, shining sun and the house not shown in shadow, unlike Psycho which is essential to create an eerie, Gothic effect. Burton also makes sure that the camera focuses on the Gothic architecture and other Gothic features of the house such as the large solid, old wooden door, the big lion doorknocker that Burton makes a close up camera shot of, and the church- style windows. When Peggy Boggs enters the house, Burton shoots the camera at her on a very long, high angle. Burton uses this shot, as the area that surrounds her can also be seen and as it is all in shadow and Peggy stands in a thin channel of light that floods solitarily into the dark, gloomy room, a great contrast between light and dark can be shown. Burton then shoots around the room focusing in on Gothic related props like the old throne that has been covered in dust sheets which creates an ancient, abandoned effect towards the audience. Edward Scissor hands, which can be closely related to another famous Gothic film, Frankenstein, also shoots close up camera shots on the contraptions and machinery that have created the main character, Edward. In many other Gothic novels apart from these, bringing bodies back to life has for a long time been an obvious favourite with authors. However when methods to do this started involving science big issues were raised concerning this. The camera follows Peggy Boggs as she goes slowly up the magical, windy staircase. Here, Burton uses some of the most regularly used Gothic elements such as very low lighting, creaking noises from the stair case and floor boards after every step and cobwebs that line the hand railings. The camera looks down on her as she proceeds up the stairs which makes Peggy Boggs look small and vulnerable. Peggy wears a bright violet suit that makes her stand out clearly against her dull surroundings, Burton uses this to show the contrast of Suburbia and the mansion. When Peggy meets Edward the scenery and Edwards shy character, make this particular scene a lot less Gothic than it could have been. Although Edward appears from shadows, he can be clearly seen as half of the roof is missing letting a more than sufficient amount of light into the room. As this scene is shot in an open- aired sunny room, Burton creates a calmer atmosphere which gives the audience the impression that nothing bad is going to happen at the present. During the scene when Peggy takes Edward back to Suburbia, Burton uses a series of long, two shots which again fulfills his aim to show contrast. Against the garish scenery of Suburbia Edward really stands out as hes the only black thing in sight. Suburbia, from the outside is extremely unrealistic and delights the audience eye as this picture perfect place is unveiled. The insides of the houses are much more related to normal, realistic living which signifies the room for evil, and the charactors of Suburbias residents are far in contrast with the setting. When Peggy Boggs opens her front door to let herself and Edward in the colour scheme which is the complete opposite of Edwards signature colour comes to the audiences attention. The walls are all white washed which symbolizes purity and reflects Peggys good, generous and loving personality. Towards the end of the film the witch hunt gathers for Edward, tension builds up and the sky turns black, which is a key factor that Burton has finally used to create a sinister, Gothic atmosphere. The mansion garden, shown throughout the film to be a colourful, wonderful place, is plunged in to a deep darkness. The flowers black, the animal carved bushes threatening, and a garden that now matches the interior, of the Gothic mansion upon a hill. In these films one can conclude that both directors have tried to incorporate influences and elements of the Gothic Tradition in to the desolate and sometimes bleak film settings. In particular, the attic of the large house in which Edward Scissor hands lives and the large dark remote house where Norman Bates live, both have a strong correlation with Gothic Traditional architectural style. This is often characterized by dark 12th 16th Century castle type structures with vaulted ceilings and pointed arches. Also they have used many symbolic objects within the sets that portray themes dealing with macabre and other events typical of the genre. The lead characters in both films are to a large extent depicted as social outcasts, displaying severe psychopathic tendencies thus further reinforcing the Gothic impression created by the film sets. From studying the films I feel that they both successfully display the Gothic Tradition and the settings and other background props greatly contribute to achieve this distinctive theme.

Fear In the Damp and Dark Gap Essays -- In the Damp and Dark Gap

Fear In the Damp and Dark Gap The usual signification of the French feminist's "gap" transformed by Jack Bushnell from silent entrapment to a meaning that signifies the "gap" as that which frees the other and allows for the generation of a voice of the other's own Circus of the Wolves. The famous masculine--self and feminine--other opposition will be freely utilized with the man and the circus representing the former and Kael and nature the latter. Gaps appear literally and figuratively throughout the text and with each appearance its meaning slowly, slowly, alters in the previously stated manner. Jack Bushnell says in a "Note from the Author" that the of the wolf (other) is "a natural world as distinct and separate from the human (self) world as possible." The place of the Other, in other words, is separated, banished, and excluded from the sphere of self. The circus and the man be self insofar as they confine, harness, and attempt to stand the beauty and wonder of the ot her by conforming the other into the mold and way of self. Before going further, it should be noted that any appearance of anthropomorphizing the wolf is only that –appearance. It is the place of the Other that receives the essences of human and not Kael in and of himself. Since Kael occupies the place of the Other the anthropomorphic transgression will seem to apply to the wolf when no actual transgression has occurred. Still, however, Kael must come to sense his occupation of the place of the Other. Kael falls into the gap constructed by his oppressors "...the damp and dark at the bottom of the hole frightened Kael." Kael's fear is of confinement and the discovery of himself as other... ...e frees himself through the gap left by his oppressors. The man allows for Kael's escape. He has come to know the beauty and power of the other and can no longer confine it. By obtaining the knowledge that reveals the nature of the gap, Kael has discovered the means of utilizing the "gap" to the ends of freeing the other from the oppression of self. He has found the power of his own language, and its ability to take the self away from its world and into the place of the Other, Jack Bushnell has found in Kael a character that can infuse the gap with the emotive gynergy of other, thus disallowing its existence as a simple lacunary absence without voice. The place of the Other radiates its own incandescent brilliance, seething with the growing volume of the new choral power......O... Â  Circus of the Wolves, Lothrop, Lee, and Shepherd 1993

How Recent Japanese Boys Are Getting Femininize Essay

The recent male Japanese gender identity is so unique in the same way as their culture. Most of them are fashionable and they always care about their hairstyles just like girls, and desire to be skinny. The reason why they look so feminine is not just because they want to become a Kabuki Onnagata actors. There is a controversial reason. Since the women are getting a bigger part in the society, Japanese gender roles have drastically changed. Previously in Japan, women used to be expected to follow men and learn house works to get married with men who are introduced by parents or marriage meeting. However, as women’s rate increased in the company, men more and more feel small. As women has got more money and free time, the media started to illustrate their desire. If they have the high expectation for men, guys tried to fill up it. This is the beginning of the system where guys follow the women’s expectations, and recently it is distorting Japanese male identity. Women’s expectations for men cause the disturbance of masculinity, and especially the medias emphasis the distort the images of male identity. The media always represents the value of the current people, and especially recent Japanese media is inclined to the women’s opinions, and it distorts gender identity. Recent Japanese guys are so feminine. Whenever you walk around a city, you can find guys who are wearing skinny jeans, or guys who have long hair like girls. You can even find guys wearing girls’ clothes. To describe those guys, there are a lot of slangs words, such as â€Å"Sousyoku-kei-danshi†, â€Å"Otokono-ko†, â€Å"Jyosoushi†, â€Å"Oto-men†, and so on. Sousyoku-kei danshi† means herbivore men who do not act aggressively and they favor the peace in the group, so they don’t have interest in girls, love, and they even don’t want to make love. There is a ranking research for asking them why you don’t have girl friends. The popular reasons are that â€Å"they want to enjoy their time†, â€Å"they are satisfied with current situations†, â€Å"troublesome†, â€Å" because of shyness†, â€Å" feeling easy with guys†, and so on. Thus, they are negative for not only girls but also other things. It’s kind of similar as herbivore animals, so they are named like this. For them, violence is not real and they hate to compete with people, so they don’t work out like other counties’ guy want to become muscular. Instead, they believe working out is a gay’s work, and good men should be skinny to wear fashionable clothes. They have grown up in the resection, so they don’t desire luxuries. If someone show off the richness the they would look down on the Off course there are opinions that the economic situation and education influence their value to live. While Japanese young people used to consume cars, brand products and travel to overseas during bubble era, current youth do not desire these things because they have shifted value. Previously Japanese youth wanted to emphasize richness, so they bought expensive products as if they were competing, but that is considered as stupid now because recent young people want average things. They are not good at competing with others and do not want to be distinguished from others because they experienced how much it scares to been left out. For example, the media has exposed the decline of big stars. Most poplar actress, hottest athlete and other famous talents are charged just because they made a slip of a tongue. They treat them as criminal. Moreover, once comedians become popular and are shown on too many programs, audience tend to want them to disappear. Not only the other world, they also have watched the real life bullies. That is why they do not behave like muscular guy, and cherish the cooperativeness with others. That is what girls have expected to have in Japan. education also affect their value. Japanese young generations are lacking the competitive spirit because Japanese have gotten a more relaxed education since the 1980’s, which means setting high price on the individualistic value. this education system is influenced by America because Japanese education system was too competitive. They had memorized text as much as possible to pass the entrance test for university. To improve such machine like education and prize the individual value, they needed the system that makes students have their own opinions and take more time to discuss how to solve problems around them. However, it didn’t work because Japanese people are culturally passive, so few people make statements in classroom, as a result, while the amount of the words which students have to memorize decrease, they came not to consider, as a result, the system just cut off the amount of study. Furthermore, it becomes easy to go to university because the traditional entrance test become easy, 50% student pass the entrance test only by the interview. Which is not enough to explain the reason why Japanese guys are motivated to be feminine or skinny. However, those facts do not directly influence the gender identity because they still have money if they live with family and Japanese schools still have traditional gender treatment for each boys and girls. The media is the most influential factor to distort the male role in Japan, and drama is one of the good sources to know how different the gender role is. Traditionally Japanese TV love dramas illustrate the trend of each age, so if it’s compared up to each age, it’s easy to understand the value for the era. In the bubble age, the heroes had longing jobs, such as advertising, travel agency, or someone who works at oversea, and story is about the love affairs of a group of several characters. Most women admire life in the drama and fashion of female role, and they desire to have same one or try to find those guys who can purchase it for them. At that time they expected guys to economic force, and they thought guys should have the competitive power, so that was common like other countries. However, some women started to be suspicious about the masculinity because Japanese society was still male-dominated base, so it was not interesting for some. And then, they became to hope that the next generation or their kids to be more kind. Women’s expectations shifted from the masculinity to gentle conduct to females. Thus, the herbivore men generations started to be born. Fashion is the most the concern things in some people feel young generation feel they want to go drink or play around if they don’t have the good cloth Likewise the topic in the girls’ magazine, Japanese guys also interested in health and not only the talent Japanese male life is not also become feminine. I did not mean the discrimination, but just criticize the Japanese too much self-concerning. In the 80s, Japanese media used to show the Yankees or yakuza kind of stories on the drama, and that was a fundamental stereotype in Japan because people in that age still believed that the guys must be strong and male also dominated society. The representative drama is â€Å"School Wars†. The story is about that a former Japan national rugby team player hired as a high school rugby coach. However, the school is famous for the bad boys and especially the rugby kid’s were uncontrolled. The team straggles with a lot of problems and in the story, but finally the coach pulls the team together and won the high school national rugby tournament. That kind of story is so-called â€Å"spokon†, and this genre became a popular at the era because the story is quit simple and make audience refresh the mind. However, the some guys also admire those images on such a drama, so it let them go into juvenile delinquency, and it became a social issue. To prevent from such behavior, Japan broadcast committee came to make restrictions for violence scenes, so those dramas disappeared from the screen. At the same time the male gaze objectified women on screen, so there are so many comedy shows that describe the women naked on midnight. In the 90’s to early 00’s, Japanese media was drastically changed and the contents had became to reflect women’s request, so the popular genre shifted from â€Å"spokon† to love romance which is so-called â€Å"trendy-drama†. The stories look at the girl’s comics and got a large female audience. In this decade, a lot of women came into the society, so feminists and female employee criticized about the strongly male dominate society. Those dramas also illustrate the ideal women workers role, so that got support from women, and Japanese media gradually start leaning to the women side. Not only the dramas, the music shows also became popular because J-pop reached the peak of popularity, especially Johnny & Association, producing boys’ celebrity groups company, turn out many popular groups, and got the many funs, so the media producers learned that they can got huge viewers and sponsored instead of the actors if they have the acting skills or not. As a result, those good-looking celebrities dominated Japanese dramas, movies, or even music industry. At the same time, those body images threat people’s self esteem. It was raised as a social issue that Girls obsess with the dieting and desire to be thin, so it also caused the eating disorder. Current youth guys has grown up in this era and exposed those ideal models of new masculinity by the media, as a result appearance is spontaneously placed on their primary concerns. As Iida says â€Å"It was the development of an image/information oriented mode of capitalist economy of the 1990s that made the imaginative exploration of alternate selves, including the aesthetically sophisticated self-representation by young men, a highly desired economic practice. (2) People were motivated to imitate the behave of celebrities, so young generations takes it for granted to blush up their appearance to be attractive or popular in their class room. Since later 00’s, the image-oriented capitalism became hash and distorts body images, and especially guys are objectified as much as female objectification on the screen because the media producers change the strategies to get audience. TV stations basically depend on the advertising income, but sponsors do not offer the advertising cost because youth generations came not to watch TV compared to the 90’s young generation. Even thought drama story were written by originally until beginning of 90’s, most recent dramas are based on the girl’s comics because there are funs that already know the comic, so it’s easy to correct audience. Moreover, the girls comic stories usually appear a lot of hansom roles, and producers can adopt good looking celebrities who also have a large number of funs, so it can get viewers As a result, particular kind of fetishisms become to be represented in the drama. For example, â€Å"Ouran High School Host Club† is a drama, which visualized originally from popular girls comic. The story is about the official host club in boys school treat the patrons from girls school next to there. In such a daily life, character makes problems. The male characters are unique and created by the women’s fetish. Suou Tamaki is a selfish but good at to escort girls and categorized as an â€Å"Oujisama kei ikemen†, which means prince kind guy. Yusuke Yamamoto, a most popular young actor plays this role. His face is well organized and looks feminine, but girls regard him as neutral and adore. Mitukuni Haninostuka is also representative in this drama. He always has a rabbit dole and behaves like a girl, but it stimulates the maternity of girls. Although Yudai Chiba is a popular fashion model in the male magazine, but he paly this role because his face is so sophisticated and feminine. Even though this drama is for girls, both Yamamoto and Chiba are supported by male youth and they suggest those guys a new kind of masculinity that is leaning to famine side not only on the screen but also on the magazine. Guys who are sensitive for appearance imitate their fashions, behavior or life stile. That’s the major reason why Japanese youth are getting feminine. In later 00’s, this male objectification has started on the drama commercials or paper media also force them pay attention to their appearance. While Japanese commercials are traditionally celebrities make the products look good, the characters on the current commercials are different from a decade ago. The clients favor to use more neutral guys to promote their products. A typical example is that suits company, â€Å"Haruyama†, adopt AKB48 for their male suits commercial. The company considers that AKB48 is a Japanese most popular female group, so they can attract a lot of guys fun. At the same time, they wanted to highlight their thinness of suits by letting girls wear the male suits. What we can see this commercial is that how much Japanese guys desire to be thin or look slim. As I mention that, most of Japanese girls are stick to the skinny body images, but it’s not only women’s issues anymore. Japanese guys also want to be skinny because those who are recognized as an ideal guy is like a western looking just like girl’s comic represent. To the matter is worse, Japanese cosmetic company; publishing company or TV comedy shows have a promotion campaign, and exploit for them to come close to the images. For example, Rohto Pharmaceutical CO. , Ltd produce a many kinds of male cosmetics, and push the strong messages on commercials like â€Å" if you don’t use this, girls never come close to you†. The extreme campaign is that they force them to do whitening their skin just like women. This kind of objectification to guys as a female is often seen on the media. Magazines for men force them to be fashionable as much as girls do, and teach them how to deal with the male cosmetic products. At the one corner of popular TV comedy show, guys are dressed like women and compete how much they are beautiful even though they are not homosexual or transvestite. Iida mentions, â€Å"†¦the idea that the â€Å"feminisation of culture† leads to the â€Å"feminisation of masculinity† is an interesting proposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (3). Thus, Japanese society itself threat young guys to be clean, skinny or feminine. Japanese young men are looking for the new muscularity under the media pressure, women’s high expectations, and hyper pure society. As the media describe, the ideal parson is that he is tall, skinny, understanding what girls are thinking and having the flexibility to correspond to the social requirement. That model is rare or no exist case, but the media never stop exposing those ideal. To matter worse, Japanese are not good at to accept or discuss the extra ordinal thoughts. While that ideal mode is completely unusual or wrong, they are stick to it, so most of guys feel unconfident about themselves. They are lacking self-esteem, so they cannot be aggressive toward girls. They think they must be fashionable and keep cleanness wherever they go, but women do not so much care about the men’s appearance when they chose their partner. In fact, some of them are more likely to get marry with previous generation guys in 30’s to 40’s because their self-esteem is high enough to approach the women regardless of their appearance. If male appearance is the first priority for women to decide marriage, the young generation must superior to that generation. However, the fact is different. The thing is that women are more realistic than men. While they admire those who inside of the media, they know that is not real. That becomes variance for those guys wants to response to women’s demand. While elderly critic often argue about this issue, that was never understood by their generations because their generation was not complex as much as nowadays, so it stereotypically analyzed and label young guys as inferior new type, and make fun of them it just like a game. However, they should take it account that social expectations are shifted, and guys are expected to have more female role to coexist with women. The gender could not be easily judged by biological role in current complex society. â€Å"Sue Thornman claims that a â€Å"female person† holds a â€Å"doublesubjectivity† ;while â€Å"she represents herself to herself,† she also performs a role of another subject who â€Å"consciously creates, manipulates, and compensates for the figurability of an imaginary subject that projects cohesiveness as its founding assumption through a fictional body. â€Å"(5 Iida). To response to social demand, guys are just imitating the female behavior not because they actually wants to be a women, so the media should let them know it, and suggest how understand the female role and new male identity. In conclusion, distorted masculinity by the media make Japanese young guys hard to find appropriate model. Older generations also critici ze their constructing new way, so it makes more difficult issue. Most young generations get the complex from that reason, and they seem lack the self-esteem. However, those who suffer the issue must ignore what the media expose. Most Japanese people tend to believe that the media is truth because they used to follow the majority. As I mentioned, most Japanese people are disciplined not to have the individualistic opinions. In the class, it’s rare to be asked their opinions and only take the note what teachers are talking or writing on the board. As a result, they stick to one idea. They also lack the experience to acknowledge other cultures. They don’t know how fouling people observe themselves because majority of Japanese never been abroad. Japanese society is traditionally closed, so problems become too domestic. If it’s the U. S. people express the rejection to the media like Justin Bever is criticized as a gay singer. Even though minority people criticize about that on 2ch, those people are thought they are dropped from the main stream and are not persuasive because they hide their name. Anyway, to combat this issue, Japanese must be more flexible and reject to be brainwashed by the media.