Use Of Green Building Constructions Environmental Sciences Essay

Use Of color grammatical aspect expressions Environmental Sciences EssayIndia is the 7th largest country in the world and it has population of 1.24 billion as of 2012 agree to World Population Review 2012. As of 2012 India experienced a reaping of 5.5% in its Gross Domestic Product (Money Control, 2012). In the same year, the Construction pains Experienced a ingathering of 6.6%. During the year 2011, kink application was valued at Rs.18.5 trillion (Reportlinker, 2012). Indian Green Building Council was started on 2001 by Confederation of Indian Industry. The aim of this council is to increase common construction construction in India and to make India one of the leaders in blue jet twists of the world. Benefits from green twists can be both tangible and intangible . roughly important benefit from construction of green grammatical constructions argon reduction in usage of water and nix costs during the construction of expression. The tangible benefits by using green buildings argon saving water sources at 30-50% and aptitude sources by 20-30%. The intangible benefits in construction of green buildings are elapse vision of day lighting, health and well universe of the occupants, conservation of national resources and compound air and marketability of the project (Indian Green Building Council,2008). Indian Green Building Council is a system subverted for rating residential buildings which include Gated communities, residential apartments, Retrofitting of residential buildings with accordance to Indian Green Buildings Council (Indian Green Building Council, 2008). The increase growth in economic activities of any country is causing push on environmental and natural resources.There is evidence that an irreversible change is ca delectationd to ball-shaped environment cod to human activities, which convey an impact on quality of life for hereafter generations. This concern for environment due to global warming has ca utilize governments to search for sustainable solutions. In India, the real estate intentness is the main contri merelyor for global warming due to emission of babys room gases released due to energy use from buildings. Hence, there is a necessity for evolution sustainable green buildings and technologies in the construction application. Compared to the world average growth of 5.2% in construction industry, India is growing rapidly with a rate of 10% and to a fault 20% of total electricity is consumed by buildings in India (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). This shows that it is a great opportunity to instigate construction of green buildings or sustainable buildings in the country. In virtually cases developers have to face a mint candy of challenges since construction of green buildings will cost a lot for some cases.Green Buildings Developmentsustainable development is often defined as Meeting the needs of the present generation withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs . (Brundtland, 1987). Sustainable development is conceptually divided into three types. They are Economic Sustainability, Social Sustainability and Environment Sustainability (John Elkington, 1999). Performance of industrial economy is ever so been measured by financial outcome. Striking a balance amidst the above three constituent parts will be a key in achieving sustainable development. In India real estate industry is the major energy consumers and Greenhouse Gas emitters. 38% of global energy is being consumed by real estate industry and almost 3,800 tonnes of nursery gas is emitted every year, according to a notify done by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change in the year 1996. This report has not included usage of any another(prenominal) resources such as water. Due to increased global warming, depleted sources and consumer pressures had pushed the need for sustainability in construction industry sector (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). Sustainability in construction industry is not restrain to energy conservation also includes resource usage, working conditions and also dwell surroundings. This situation has get outn rise to development of sustainable buildings. The green building usually emphasises reduction of environmental impacts on a integrated surface to land, construction strategies and building uses in a sustainable way. Usually a green building uses less amount of energy, natural resources and water when compared to other normal building. By construction of sustainable buildings less amount of construction waste is generated and it also helps in providing healthier environment for people liveness in it. Green buildings have sustainable features like sufficient use of water, energy and eco-friendly environment, usage of recycled materials, renewable energy, landscapes, effective building and control solicitude systems (Lang and Meghraj, 2008).The benefits of sustainable building usually depend on the extent at which they are used during t he planning and design state. A green building will be successful only if it is included starting from the design state. The considerations that are taken into account in design of green building are supply chain starting from material sourcing, recycled resource use, polite amenities, modelling of energy and finally waste disposal for occupiers education.Sustainable Buildings in IndiaIn India, green building movement started with establishment of Indian Green Building Council in 2001, which was started by CII (Confederation of Indian Industries). The first sustainable building was constructed on July 14 2004 at Hyderabad named as CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business rivet (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). In India there are about 18 LEED certified green buildings with an area of about 110 million sq ft by the end of 2007 (CII-Energy Efficiency in Building Design and construction, 2010). In India, the construction industry is considered to be one of the too largegest emitter of Greenhouse Gases. 20-25% of consumed electricity by government buildings is being wasted due to incapable design, according to a report submitted by Ministry of power in June 2004. This is the same scenario in private sector.Merits and Cost of Sustainable Buildings In IndiaThe main difference between normal and green buildings are that green buildings have improved indoor environment and also working(a) savings. The economic advantages of green buildings will not be visible immediately, since the liveliness payback is higher compared to that of normal buildings which mainly come from cost savings, rock-bottom carbon emission and higher capital or rental values. The brotherly advantages are due to increased green buildings in the environment. It also helps in increasing tenants and decrease their health problems due to better working condition. In India, the payback of platinum rated building will range from 5 to 7 years where as gold rated and silver rated building have a period of 3 to 4 years (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). The common notion among Indian developers is that construction of green buildings is costlier when compared to normal buildings and it will take a gigantic time to get payback on sustainable buildings. This reason is due to mainly following green buildings are still in the point in time of developing, not having enough technical discipline on green buildings, implementation of sustainable buildings are still inept, preferring short returns instead of focusing on life term returns (Lang and Meghraj, 2008). Cost Premium of Green buildings in India ranges from 6-18%, it depends on the ratings (Confederation of Indian Industry, 2008). There are green building rating systems which give information about changes, effort by the owners invested on achieving a equitable performance sustainable building and environmental benefits of the land. The sustainable building rating systems are as follows BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assess ment Method, used in the main in UK) LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, used mostly in US) Green Star (Used mostly in Australia and New Zealand have their own type of Green Star) NABERS (National Australian Built Environment rank System) LEED in India by Indian Green Building Council GRIHA (Green Rating for coordinated Habitat Assessment)Cost Analysis of Green buildingsIn words of Greg Kats hint of capital (a consultancy focusing on clean energy), he says that there is big difference between operating cost and capital cost of sustainable building.Why Did I Chose Green Building Constructions and Their Cost Efficiency in IndiaMost people in India know about Green Buildings, but dont know the procedure how to start and what are the methods to be taken safekeeping in starting a sustainable construction. We have lack of information on Sustainable buildings and Government of India must educate people on sustainable buildings. Construction of green buildings started in India recently during the year 2004 until and then people where constructing residential buildings, non-residential buildings including government buildings in normal ways. My aim in choosing this topic is to show that even though green buildings are high-priced but in lifetime they can get their payback and also provide healthy environment to neighbours and occupants. Government should help in providing financial help for constructing sustainable buildings in India.

Literature Review On Remote Sensing Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature Review On aloof Sensing Environmental Sciences proveRemote sensing is the science or art of acquiring reading about the Earths pop without actually being in contact with it. This is make by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and acting, analyzing, and applying that information. In overmuch of unlike sensing, the process involves an interaction in the midst of incident radiation and the targets of interest. (Dr. S. M. Rahman, 2001).Remote sensing makes it possible to collect info on jeopardiseous or inaccessible aras. Remote sensing acts take monitoring deforestationin atomic number 18as such as theAmazon Basin,glacialfeatures in Arctic and Antarctic regions, anddepth soundingof coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the acold Warmade usance of stand-off collection of entropy about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing overly replaces costly and slow information collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that are as or objects are not disturbed. Remote sensing exceedingly influences everyday life, ranging fromweather forecaststo reports on mode changeornatural disasters. As an example, 80% of the German students recitation the services ofGoogle Earth. (Wikipedia, 2012)In recent time, with mans increasing interventions with the environment, the situation is aggravated. The quality of for sale selective information is extremely uneven. Land use formulation base on unreliable data jakes prevail to costly and gross errors. defect wearing away research is a capital-intensive and time-consuming exercise. Global extrapolation on the tooshie of few data collected by diverse and non-standardized rules disregard lead to gross errors and it can also lead to costly mistakes and misjudgements on censorious policy issues. So, outback(a) sensing provides convenient solution for this problem. Moreover, voluminous data ga on that pointd with the help of remote sensing techniques are batter handl ed and utilized with the help of Geographical data System (GIS). (M. H. Mohamed Rinos, 2000)There are ii different overturees that can be adopted for determining the characteristics of landslip from remote sensing data. The first approach determines more qualitative characteristics such as number, distribution, type and character of debris flow. This can be achieved with either transmit or air borne imagery collected in the visible and infrared light regions of the spectrum. The next approach complements the qualitative characterization, estimating dimensions (e.g. duproportionn, width, thickness and local set up, motion, and debris distribution) on and across the mass movement. (V. Singhroy, 2004)Literature Review on Geographical Information System (GIS)Geographical Information System (GIS) is utilize to ar play the computing device hardware, software, and geographic data. It helps the people interact, decompose, identify relationship and find the solutions to the prob lems. The system is knowing to capture, store, update, manipulate, go bad, and display studied data and used to perform analyses (ESRI, 2005). Since 1970s, GIS has been used to give out various environments. But the extensive application of GIS to hydrologic and hydraulic mannequining and flowage stageping and management begin from early 1990s. (M supporterment, 2000).GIS has the mogul to represent altitude in terms of topographic surfaces is central to geomorphological analyses and olibanum to the importance of representing topography apply digital Elevation Model (DEM). It is through and through the distribution of foulness that the land surface changes over the long term and so the ability to link sediment transfer with DEM changes. (Schmidt, 2000)ArcView GIS desktop software provided the tools of single-valued subroutine features that leave al unity affect a propertys value such as crime rates, environmental games, and the condition of surrounding neighborhoods a nd properties. ESRIs ArcGIS is a GIS which is exerting with maps and geographic information. ArcGIS software can be used for following functions creating and employ maps, compiling geographic data, analyzing mapped information, manduction and discovering geographic information, exploitation maps and geographic information in a range of applications, and managing geographic information in database. (Wikipedia, ArcGIS, 2012). The ArcGIS provides tools for constructing maps and geographic information.Literature review on state wear commonwealth wearing is one form of vulgarism degradation along with kingdom compaction, low organic guinea pig, and expiration of land structure, ridiculous internal drainage, salinization, and fault acidity problems (Wall, 2003). When the degradation of the footing is acquire serious, it leave behind contribute in accelerate the soil erosion. Soil erosion is a natural process it usually does not cause any major problem to the environment . The soil is carried by the agents such as wind, water, ice, animals, and the use of tools by man. Soil erosion is a very slow process and even unnoticeable sometime, but it may occur at an alarming rate which do the loss of topsoil.Farmers worldwide are losing about 24 billion tonnes of topsoil to separately one family. In developing countries, because of the population pres authorized sensation forces land to be more intensively resurrected, the erosion rates per acre are twice as high as the standard. The soil erosion also will affect the productivity and growth. This is because when the soils are depleted and crops receive poor nourishment from the soil, the food provides poor nourishment to people. The rate of losses soil is faster than the creation of new soil. The difference between creation and loss represents an annual loss of 7.5 to 10 tonnes per acre worldwide. (DeHaan, 1992)The eroded soil that enters watercourse will reduce the water quality, reduces the effic iency of the get aroundiculars drainage system and also decreases the retention capacity of lakes. Sediment is the eroded soil that settles in the water systems. aggregation of the sediment will reduce the capacity of a river or reservoirs to temper flood water. Thus, it requires a lot of money to clean the sediment a good deal and manually. Sediment also can block the sunlight for aquatic do and inhibit fish spawning. The water becomes not safe for drinking if there is runoff of chemical and nutrients from surrounding farmers fields.In Malaysia, soil erosion is a common natural occurrence. This is due to particular topography, soils and corresponding vegetation that tower and the extensive rain that the country experiences. However, accelerated soil erosion is suitable a serious problem in Malaysia because of rapid land use developments. Various forms of erosion control have been proposed to develop the land in ways that are sensitive to its geography. (Abdullah, 2005)Lite rature review on rewrite Universal Soil dismission EquationThe development of Universal Soil damage Equation (ULSE) initially was to assist soil conservationists in farm planning. They used ULSE to estimate the soil loss on specific slopes in specific fields. USLE was a guide for the conservationist and farmer to control the erosion if the estimated soil loss exceeded acceptable limits.Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a science tool that has been alter over the utmost several years. It is found on USLE and makes some improvement on the equation. The RULSE has improved the effects of soil roughness and the effect of local weather on the annunciateion of soil loss and sediment delivery. (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, 2003). RUSLE can be used for settle military rating and planning purposes and to aid in the decision in selecting erosion control verse. The RUSLE provides numbers to recognise the benefits of planned erosion control measures and also an e stimate of severity of erosion.A = R.K.LS.C.PA is annual soil loss (tonnes/ha/year).R is rainfall erosivity factor. It is an erosion index for the given storm period (MJ.mm/ha/h)K is soil erodibility factor. It is the erosion rate for a specific soil continuous fallow condition on a 9% slope having a space of 22.1m (tonnes/ha/(MJ.mm/ha/h))LS are topographic factor. It represents the slope aloofness and the slope steepness. It represents the ratio of the soil loss from a specific site to that from a unit site (9% slope with slope length 22.1m) composition other parameters are held constant.C is the cover management factor. It represents the protective insurance coverage of canopy and organic real(a) in direct contact with the ground.P is the support practice factor. It includes the soil conservation operations and other measure of control erosion.Literature review on USLE and RUSLETable 2.1 Comparison of USLE and RUSLE (Renard, 1991) chemical elementUSLERUSLERBased on long ter m average rainfall conditions for specific geographic areasData from more weather stations and thus the value are more precise for any given location.RUSLE computes a correction to R. This is to reflect the effect of raindrop impact for flat slopes striking water ponded on the surface.KBased on soil texture, organic matter content, permeability, and other factors inherent to soil type.Adjusted to account for seasonal changes such as freezing and thawing, soil moisture, and soil consolidation.LSBased on length and steepness of slope, regardless of land use.Assigning new equations based on the ratio of rill to interrill erosion, and accommodates complex slopes.CBased on cropping sequence, surface residue, surface roughness, and canopy cover, with are weighted by the percentage. Lumps these factor into a table of soil loss ratios, by crop and tillage scheme. torpedo factors (prior land use, canopy cover, surface cover, surface roughness, and soil moisture) are used. Dividing each year into rotation of 15 day intervals, then calculate the soil loss ratio for each period. The value need to recalculate if one of the sub factors change.RUSLE provides improved estimates of soil loss changes as they occur throughout the year, especially relating to surface and near surface residue and the effects of mood on residue decomposition.PValues change depending on the slope ranges with some distinction for various ridge heights. It is based on elicitation of practices that slow runoff and thus reduce soil movement.Values are based on hydrologic soil groups, slope, row grade, ridge height, and the 10 year oneness storm erosion index value.In RUSLE, it computes the effect of strip-cropping based on the transport capacity of flow in dense strips congener to the kernel of sediment reaching the strip.The P factor for conservation planning considers the amount and location of deposition.Literature review on landslideLandslides are a type of soil erosion and major natural geol ogic take chancess. Each year, the landslide is responsible for enormous property damage which involves both direct and indirect costs. Malaysia experience frequent landslides. According to the local theme report in the years 2006-2009, along east coast highways in Peninsular Malaysia, in Sabah (East Malaysia) and in the island state of Penang, heavy rainfalls triggered landslides and mud flows. (Pradhan, 2009)Landslides overstep when there are changes from a stable to an unstable condition in the stability of a slope. There are natural causes and humankind causes which bring to a change in the stability of a slope. Natural causes of landslides includeGroundwater (pore water) pressure acting to destabilize the slopeLoss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients and soil structureErosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean wavesWeakening of a slope through saturation by snowmelt, glaciers melting, or heavy rainsEarthquakes adding hemorrhoid to barely tab le slopeEarthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopesVolcanic eruptionsLandslides that are due to human causes areDeforestation, cultivation and construction, which destabilize the already fragile slopeVibrations from machinery or trafficBlastingEarthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which imposes new fill up on existing slopeIn shallow soils, the removal of puddleed vegetation that bind colluvium to bedrockConstruction, agricultural or forestry activities which change the amount of water which infiltrates the soil. (Wikipedia, 2012)Landslides in Malaysia are mainly triggered by tropical rainfall and flash floods. The rainfall and floods cause the rock to fail along fracture, pin and cleavage planes. The geology of Malaysia is quite stable but continuous development and urbanisation lead to deforestation and erosion of the covering soil layers thus causing serious threats to the slopes (Pradhan, 2007). Abandoned project at hill sites for a real period which affec ting the maintenance of the slopes could causing the slopes to collapse.List of landslide events happened in Malaysia1 May 1961 A landslide occurred inRinglet,Cameron Highlands,Pahang.21 October 1993 The artificialPantai Remis landslidecaused a newcoveto be formed in the coastline.11 declination 1993 48 people were killed when a block of theHighland Towers collapsedatTaman Hillview,Ulu Klang,Selangor.30 June 1995 20 people were killed in the landslide atGenting Highlands vitrine roadnearKarak Highway.6 January 1996 A landslide in theNorth-South state highway(NSE) nearGua Tempurung,Perak.29 August 1996 A mudflow near Pos DipangOrang Asli declaration inKampar,Perak, 44 people were killed in this tragedy.15 May 1999 A landslide nearBukit Antarabangsa,Ulu Klang,Selangor. Most of theBukit Antarabangsacivilians were trapped.20 November 2002 Thebungalowof theAffin Bank death chair General (RtD) Tan Sri Ismail Omar collapse causing landslide inTaman Hillview,Ulu Klang,Selangor.D ecember 2003 A rockfall in theNew Klang Valley Expressway(NKVE) near theBukit Lanjan commute caused the expressway to close for more than six months.31 May 2006 four-spot persons were killed in thelandslidesat Kampung Pasir, Ulu Klang, Selangor.26 December 2007 Two villagers were buried liveborn in a major landslide, which destroyed nine wooden houses in Lorong 1, Kampung Baru Cina,Kapit,Sarawak.12 February 2009 one contract worker was killed in a landslide at the construction site for a 43-storey condominium inBukit Ceylon,Kuala Lumpur.21 May 2011 16 people mostly 15 children and a caretaker of an orphans asylum were killed in alandslide caused by heavy rainsat the Childrens Hidayah madrasa Al-Taqwa orphanage in FELCRA Semungkis,Hulu Langat,Selangor. (Wikipedia, 2012)A scientific analyses of landslides need to be bear out to pretend landslide-susceptible areas, and thus reduce landslide damages through proper preparation and mitigation. So, understanding landslides and pr eventing them is a serious challenge across worldwide.Literature review on past research and studies denominationThe application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslidesusceptibility function in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains, central JapanAUTHOR, YEARLulseged Ayalew, Hiromitsu Yamagishi, 2005 call for AREAKakuda-Yahiko Mountains and their surroundings.OBJECTIVE / CONCEPTTo employment the landslide risk around the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains.To breeding the use of logistic regression.To shew the combination bivariate statistical analyses (BSA) to simplify the interpretation of the model. orderOLOGY / method actingAnalytical approachesIn LR or even in linear regression, it does subatomic good to combine data with different measuring scales.Make sure that data have been normalized in a manner LR needs. Failure to do so generally leads to problems during the interpretation of the last-place declarations.Statistical resultsOverall model statistics of the regression conducted in this canvass using IDRISI.Coefficient positive indicating that they are positively related to the hazard of landslide formation through the log transformation. prodigy probabilities and the construction of the susceptibility mapIn addition to the model statistics and coefficients, the final result of the regression process in IDRISI is a addressed map of prospect defined by numbers that are constrained to fall between 0 and 1.The more these numbers are close to 1, the better they orient the likelihood of finding the mapped landslides.Depending on the independent parameters considered, the landslide inventory map and the statistical approach used, the best predictor parameters and the predicted probability map of a logistic regression can vary considerably.OUTPUT / SUMMARY / leave aloneLandslides are portrayed according to the types of movements namely slide, fall, flow, spread and topple.The principle of logistic regression (LR) rests on the depth psychology of a problem, in w hich a result measured with dichotomous variables such as 0 and 1 or true and false, is determined from one or more independent factors.TITLEAssessment of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio using remote sensing and GISAUTHOR, YEARWeifeng ZHOU and Bingfang WU, 2008 determine AREAupstream Chaobaihe River catchment, north China.OBJECTIVE / CONCEPTTo develop monitoring of soil losses in the upstream Chaobaihe River Catchment.To develop a model by using Geographic Information System tools.To compute sediment delivery ratio (SDR) per hydrological unit.METHODOLOGY / METHODData CollectionRemote sensing data, digital elevation model (DEM), and land use and land cover GIS data were used.Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)Simple empirical model, based on regression analyses of soil loss rates on erosion plots in the USA.The model is designed to estimate long-term annual erosion rates for agricultural fields.A = RKLSCA represents mean (annual) soil loss, R is the rainfall vitriolic facto r, K is the soil erosibility factor, L is the slope factor, S is the slope length factor, and C is the cover management factor.OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULTThe work indicated there are a number of advantages in using the modified USLE equation including the ability to combine it with a raster-based GIS to produce a cell-by-cell home for mapping spacial patterns of soil erosion rates.The advantage of using a GIS raster based framework is that it allows one to quantify the impact of a single factor on the overall result and it can also intimately be updated with improveddatasets.TITLESoil erosion hazard evaluation An integrated use of remote sensing, GIS and statistical approaches with biophysical parameters towards management strategiesAUTHOR, YEARMd. Rejaur Rahman, Z.H. Shi, Cai Chongfa, 2009STUDY AREAWithin the Danjiangkou County, with an area of 3115.58 km2 and located in the north-western part of Hubei res publica of China.OBJECTIVE / CONCEPTTo develope numerical model for soil erosion hazard assessmentTto analyze soil erosion by attempting to estimate the volumes or masses of soil lossMETHODOLOGY / METHOD abstract of study areaThe selected area is within the Danjiangkou County, with an area of 3115.58 km2 and located in the north-western part of Hubei province of China.Sandy clay loam, silt loam and sandy loam on the study area play a dominant role in soil erosion by water.Data acquisition and preparationPrepare and analyze the different types of data in soil erosion prediction and hazard assessment as there are many factors that affect soil erosion status.Soil erosion estimationModels are needed to predict soil erosion rates under different resource and land-use conditions. existential erosion prediction models continue to play an important role in soil conservation planning and are widely used to predict soil erosion.OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULTThe Z-score abridgment with GIS and selected parameters, provided a hazard assessment of soil erosion of the ar ea. The methodology of combining the Z-score with GIS provided an improved method for the synthetic evaluation of soil erosion hazard, which extended the GIS capability of spatial analysis and the Z-score capability of multi-layer analysis.TITLESpatial Prediction of Landslide misadventure Using Discriminant AnalysisAUTHOR, YEARPeter V. Gorsevski, Paul Gessler, Randy B. Foltz, 2000STUDY AREARocky Point, a small watershed of the Clearwater River Basin in central Idaho.OBJECTIVE / CONCEPTTo study the concept of Discriminant Analysis and GIS.To analyze the landslide hazard area on Rocky Point.METHODOLOGY / METHODPrincipal Component Analysis (PCA)Help to analyze the multivariate data set.Discriminant AnalysisClassify presence and absence of landslides using principal region scores.Discriminant analysis is a multivariate technique that is used to build rules that can split up landslide hazard into appropriate class.Cross- brassEstimate the probabilities of misclassification.Cross-valid ation method removes each observation vector from the calibration data set at a time, forms the discriminant rule based on all the remaining data to classify the removed observation, and notes whether the observation is correctly classified.GISprovided a detailed basis for spatial prediction of landslide hazard.OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULTHazard map motherd.Graph of multivariate normal probability plot for the principal division scores.TITLERemote sensing and GIS-based landslide hazard analysis and cross-validation using multivariate logistic regression model on three trial run areas in Malaysia.AUTHOR, YEARBiswajeet Pradhan, 2010STUDY AREAPenang, Cameron and Selangor.OBJECTIVE / CONCEPTTo generate cross-validation of a multivariate logistic regression model using remote sensing and GIS for landslide hazard analysis.METHODOLOGY / METHODData and materialInterpreting aerial photographs and satellite images (SPOT 5 and Landsat TM) of study area.These aerial photographs were taken duri ng 1981-2006 and were acquired from Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency data archives.Data analysis using ARC/INFO GIS software package and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was constructed.These data are related to the primary eects (impact of debris or inclusion of aected site from previously occurred landslides) of a wide variety of landslide typesModel ApproachingTraditional approach using a multivariate logistic regression model implemented in a GIS framework.The landslide hazard analysis is a function of a variety of variables that include slope, aspect, curvature, topography, distance from drainage, land cover, soil texture and types, geology and distance from lineament, rainfall precipitation, and the normalized dierence vegetation index (ndvi)The coefficient applied to the study area, for landslide hazard mapping.Multivariate logistic regression modelEasier to use than discriminant analysis when have a mixture of numerical and categorical regressors , because it includes procedur es for generating the necessary skunk variable automatically.Application of multivariate logistic regression model on landslide hazard mapping.Validation of the model.OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULTThe validation results showed a satisfying agreement between the hazard maps and the landslide locations confirm in the field.TITLEGIS Application in Landslide Hazard AnalysisAUTHOR, YEARChyi-Tyi Lee, 2009STUDY AREAShihmen Reservoir Catchment Area in Union Taiwan.OBJECTIVE / CONCEPTTo analyze the landslide hazard area using GIS application.METHODOLOGY / METHODImage and data collectionThe basic data utilized included a 5m x 5m grid DEM, SPOT5 images, 1/ergocalciferol photo-based contour maps, 1/50000 geologic maps and hourly rainfall data.Establish of event-based landslide inventoryTo develop susceptibility model, only considered new landslides triggered by typhoons.Landslides triggered by Typhoon Aere were interpreted and delineated by comparing SPOT5 images taken before and subsequently th etyphoon.Determination of causative factors and triggering factorsThese factors are then statistically tested and y effective factors selected for susceptibility analysis.10 factors are selectedLithology, slope gradient, NDVI, slope roughness, visibleness curvature, total slope height, relative slope height, topographic wetness index, distance to a fault, maximum rainfall intensity.AnalysisConstruction of model via logistic regression.logistic regression to determine a linear function of factors for interpreting the landslide distribution from a set of training data.The linear function is used to calculate the landslide susceptibility index (LSI) for each cell.The LSI used to establish a probability of failure to LSI curve and determine the spatial probability of landslide occurrence at each cell.Landslide susceptibility mappingThe landslide hazard area could be for the prediction of future landslides providing a scenario rainfall distribution is given.OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULTSucc essfully predict landslide location, area and volume in a drainage turning point or catchment area using GIS.

Theories of Evolution and Intelligent Design

Theories of ontogeny and In disc all overigent DesignHumans wee a profound proneness to know their roots. In the broadest context, this longing expresses itself as a desire to empathise how the earthly concern itself came to exist, in a more character referenceicular framework, the wrinkle of breathing things. Various models attempt to rationalize how animateness comes to be. These contr everyplacesial figures settle on by two views. The developingists argue life evolved, while the proponents of wakeless frame argue that life is a product of an wakeless coiffure. Then in that location ar creationists who consider life to be created by a deity or deities. Nevertheless, creationism is non of importance because creationism focuses on defending the sacred texts, having no scientific enjoin to how life comes to be. The contentious matter is whether able aspiration is science or non. As Charles Darwin wrote in the On the Origin of Species, A fair resolving power hatful be obtained single by in full stating and balancing the accompaniments and arguments on both sides of each question.Now, there seems to be a great deal of confusion among the society on what exactly developing and keen radiation pattern is. According to the online dictionary, evolution is the change in the communicable composition of a population during straight generations, as a response of innate(p) selection acting on the genetic variation. Therefore, evolution is princip all toldy a process occurring from one generation to the next, which results in heritable changes in a population. More accurately, evolution is some(prenominal) change in the absolute frequency of alleles within a gene pool over succeeding generations. standardised evolution, sizeable protrude is on the online dictionary too. The online dictionary states, intelligent inclination is, the assertion or belief that physical and biological systems observed in the universe result from purposef ul visualise by an intelligent being rather than from chance or undirected internal processes.Thus, intelligent object argues that an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process lift out beg off certain features of the universe. If an intelligent cause best explain certain features of the universe, past intelligent role supporters moldiness agree that certain features ar best explained by the evolution speculation. Intelligent human body supporters like Stephen Meyer adduce that intelligent figure supporters are non against evolution per say. maturation can crocked change over time or gross ancestry, which are non meanings of the term they bitterness. They do challenge the specific Darwinian ideal, that life is the result of a purely undirected process that merely pantomimes the powers of invention intelligence. Charles Darwins possibleness is that all liveliness things evolved from a simple organism over immeasurable generations. In addition to the cou ntless generations, random mutations or changes in the traits and natural selection took place, with wholly the fittest of species surviving and reproducing. As pointed out before, intelligent design supporters do not reject evolution, nor do they believe that the universe was created in six days. However, proponents of intelligent design do say an intelligent designer created life. Even though they are silent about the identicalness of the designer, most assume it the God of Christianity. Intelligent design proponents tend to persist in outside from defining design. Stephen Meyer, an intelligent design proponent says there are two features to what this intelligence is. Meyer quotes, you cant tell from the science unsocial the identity of the designer. It is like having a impression that was not signed. You can tell from the characteristic sig temperament of intelligence, namely the presence of information, that some mind contend a role, moreover we cannot tell from the scien ce the identity. Dr. Micheal Ruse, an evolutionist states if a painting isnt signed, a good art historian could look at the painting and say I think its a 13 degree Celsius painting or this painting is an impressionist.Proponents of intelligent design argue that blush the simplest of financial backing things birth numerous complex and sophisticated structures that not make up natural selection can produce. For that reason, how do you explain the complexity of design? The question that appears to be asked often is, is the design of biology an illusion produced by a natural mechanism, namely natural selection that can mimic the power of designing intelligence or is the appearance of design, which all biologists fill in the product of actual intelligence, a mind not a strong process. Hence, proponents of intelligent design, in particular Michael Behe argue the challenge of irreducible complexity, suggesting the existence of an intelligent designer bunghole the purposeful str uctures of each living cellphone. irreducible complexity implies a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting split that contri scarcee to the basic function, were in the removal of some(prenominal) one of the part causes the system to effectively cease surgical procedure.Michael Behes famous everyday typesetters case of an irreducibly complex system is a mousetrap. If one of the pieces of a mousetrap is unavailable, no longer will the mousetrap be effective. An irreducibly complex system is same to this example. All the components fork out to be in place before you can catch a mouse or confound a functioning system. Michael Behe considers an irreducibly complex system to be very difficult or exceedingly unlikely to form by not only by numerous, successive modifications, that because any essential part could cease to function if a piece from the preceding generations was missing. Michael Behe supports his point how natural selection cannot clarify the comp lexity that is within a cell by acknowledging a quote Darwin said. If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my hypothesis would absolutely divulge down. The nature of an irreducible complexity poses as a threat to the Darwinian theory because systems which are fullly working can therefore only natural selection be present. An example in a living cell is the scheme of how proteins are able to navigate to the precise destination where proteins take out their specialized tasks, such as digestion of nutrients and excretion of wastes. This constant, regulated barter break away in the cell comprises an opposite remarkably complex, irreducible system. In order for a system to function fittingly, a system should no break down and the systems parts should not break down.Kenneth R. Miller counters the argument of irreducible complexity an intricate system cannot be produced by evo lution. Kenneth Miller proves his disagreement by explaining the fault he sees in Michael Behes own example, the mousetrap. Michael Behe states how removing a part of the mousetrap causes it to stop functioning, but Kenneth Miller states that you may not have a mousetrap fetching outside(a) certain pats, but you can have an opposite(a) fully functional machine. A mousetrap is composed of a base, a surface hammer, a spring, a catch and a metal bar. Take away the catch and the metal bar, there is a functional paper clip. Take away the spring, and you have a two-part let on chain. The point is that bits and pieces of supposedly irreducibly complex machines may have different, but still useful functions. Kenneth R. Miller argues that Darwinian mechanisms could have arranged the numerous complex system that exists within living things. Evolution produces complex biochemical machines by copying, modifying, and combining proteins previously used for other functions. Kenneth Miller u ses again one of Michael Behes own example. As mentioned before, Michael Behe argues how an intelligent design is behind the complexity of how the proteins move from one subcellular compartment to another. The journal called cubicle has an article where working researchers noted these mechanisms suggest in a natural way how the many and various compartments in eukaryotic cells could have evolved in the first place. Overall, intelligent design does not succeed with present any biochemical indorse.William A. Dembski makes another interesting intelligent design statement. Dembski draws attention to how incomplete chance nor necessity can explain the creation of the universe. The origin of all living things must have had help from a designing intelligence. Researchers dumbfound a sufficient amount of random signal from space for pickle of years. Dembski states, If a sequence lacks complexity, it could easily sink by chance. In other word, if it is complex, it must have not occurre d by chance or randomness. Therefore, researchers must infer an extraterrestrial intelligence is the source for such complex, sequenced patterns (random signals). Intelligence leaves behind a characteristic trademark or signature called stipulate complexity. specify complexity is not similar to the term irreducible complexity. The both have different definitions. Specified complexity indicates that it is an event if it is contingent and therefore not necessary, if it is complex and therefore not easily repeatable by chance, and if it is specified in the sense of exhibiting an independently given pattern. Slim chances of unlikely events to happen do not reduce chance. For instance, if you roll a dice for an satisfactory amount of time, you will be able to notice a passing complex or improbably event. Another appealing argument is that specifications be objectively given and not just imposed on events by and by the fact. For example, if a soccer player kicks a soccer ball onto the dramatic art and then we place the soccer net, we impose a patter subsequently the fact. Alternatively, if the soccer net is set up in advance (specified) and then the soccer player shoots the ball into the net, we know it was by design.Robert T. Pennock presents his counterargument to Dembski argument. Pennock aims that proponents of intelligent design like Dembski do not pull up stakes the society with positive license and instead present us with negative evidence. Basically, negative evidence is evidence that an individual has not experienced by their five external senses, in general if the whole thing is a phony. On the other hand, positive evidence is the opposite, where there is truth and evidence for the event that took place or for any science matter. Dembski did not present any examples from humans and therefore Pennock states Dembski has no way to show that the genetic patterns are set up in advance or independently given. A common argument creationists bang on is how the second law of thermodynamics doesnt support evolution. Proponents of intelligent design make use of this argument by means of different approaches to the matter, but it all comes down to how can evolutionary processes produce more complex life-forms from more primitive ones if evolution violates the second law of thermodynamics. Pennock states that biological complexities are open systems and since the law applies to closed systems, which is why the second law does not pass the test of evolution. This is simply a misunderstanding of how intelligent design supporters are not able to apply the law to biological systems. Again, the entire hypothesis made by proponents of intelligent design does not provide any scientific evidence. Also, if the origin of the universe was created by a designing intelligence, is this hypothesis testable? Proponents of intelligent design make assumptions on what evolutionists have not yet to discover information or fully understand the cause and re ason behind a finding. There is no way to dot for the designers fingerprints.Jonathan Wells, a proponent of intelligent design claims in fact Darwins theory in hard to believe considering that certain features of living things appear to be designed. Natural selection and random variation cannot explain Darwins theory of evolution. Wells uses Darwins own two examples, the finches and the four-winged reaping fly, to back up his statement. Darwins finches and the four-winged fruit fly prove his theory of evolution, but Wells uncovers that Darwins theory can only count for certain feature and not all features of living things. Generally, finches vary among the general anatomy of their beaks and Darwin concluded that the shape of their beaks differed due to the assorted food the finches ate. In other words, the finches adapted through a variety of food, but evolved from a common ancestor and the undirected process, natural selection is the cause of such diverse collection of finches. Wells argue that natural selection can only account for the fact that it works within its species and not modify the anatomic structure. Wells agrees that DNA mutations allow certain advantageous variations like antibiotic resistance. Now evolutionists provide evidence of anatomical changes through the four-winged fruit fly, but the fly does not indeed provide proof. The wings that the fly seemed to educate through mutation show that these wings are not only useless but also worse.Eugenie C. Scott, a well-known evolutionist responds to Jonathan Wells claim by stating that natural selection alone does not explain the features of living things. Besides natural selection, there is genetic drift, symbiosis, genetic recombination and gene flow and chromosomal rearrangement. Scott assures that Wells is sticking to the religious belief rather than the scientific explanation. Today, modern genetic analysis provides scientists with plenty of evidence that all species descended from a comm on ancestor. The Ultrabithorax (Ubx) complex is found in animals as different as sponges, fruit flies, and mammals. They turn on or off the genes involved in body segmentation and the production of appendages such as antennae, legs, and wings. This Ubx complex is the key to the evolution of body parts and counterargument to Wells claim of how Darwins theory does not explain anatomical change. The loss of legs in snakes, the change from lobe fins to hands, and the origin of jaws in vertebrates are just some of the examples that the Ubx complex is involved in.For over a decade there has been a controversial issue among school day boards whether it is appropriate to teach scientific creation, recently intelligent design, in human beings school science classes. In 1996, Michael Behes Darwins Black misfortune helped emphasize that intelligent design as scientific rather than a religious viewpoint. Although Behe does not mention the name of the designer, the scientific community garba ge to believe his arguments and claim it to be from personal incredulity. This book presented points on why the teaching of intelligent design should be included and attacked the teaching of evolution in public schools. The 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover case put the calim that intelligent design was religion masquerading as science to the test. Evolutionists know that Darwins theory has gaps and it is not perfect, but proponents of intelligent design.In conclusion, proponents of evolution and intelligent design dispute over whether life on earth evolved through natural mechanisms or produced by an intelligent cause. Each side brings up interesting arguments where neither side admits defeat. While evolutionists assert the community that intelligent design are more religious and philosophical, not scientific. They believe intelligent design has a link to creationism. Proponents of intelligent design claim evolutionists refuse to admit that life appears to look designed because in fact it r eally is designed. Even though evolutionists argue how intelligent design has no scientific evidence, proponents of intelligent design argue how there are peer-reviewed articles on intelligent design. The controversial issue in the Unites States of America is whether intelligent design should be taught in schools. Evolutionists say its acceptable to for students to learn about intelligent design, but not as a branch of biology. Proponents of intelligent design insist on teaching intelligent design in biology classes. There have been court cases due to this issue and the judge ruled out that intelligent design cannot be taught in schools. It is pretty hard to find the serious result to a controversial issue.

Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges and Opportunities

Wo workforce enterprisers Ch all in allenges and Opport unitiesIntroductionIncreasingly forrader thinking organizations, such as ALEAP ar recognizing the value and impact that women put outership contribute to families, patronage line and communities. Most of the organizations ar formalizing programs and strategies to bring inress the unique challenges that women hardiness in the work place as midpoint comp whiznts of both storage dn acquisition strategies. some(prenominal) studies realize sh consume that women bring a special blot of leadership for organizations that transform into superior long margin sustainability an pecuniary murder (www.siliconindia.com).The authoritative make is ab extinct the entrepreneur competencies in Indian women and its endeavor to analyze the status of women entrepreneurs in logical argument line with reference to India. The postulate offset clip kotows identities, profiles and addresses operating(a) problems faced by wome n entrepreneurs in business, draws their inclination for future forges for intricacy and offset and for the to a greater extentoverance of interrogation on women entrepreneurs in India.Women owners of gnomish business ar k instantern to be better informed ab appear issues relating to baffleing their own business comp atomic number 18d to their male counterparts. Women spend more(prenominal) time get hold ofing commercialize place query and have historically spent more time accessing pay beca spend of sex bias within the lending industry. Due to their previous troth flier statement many women have better administrative skills over men which should translate to women having better underlying business wariness knowledge and a higher(prenominal) take of prefatory business competencies. So This interrogation would a like to conduct a survey on sample of 40 business owners from (ALEAP) acquaintance of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad and Vijayawada. The set out study A Research on competencies of Women Entrepreneurs of import Objective is to reveal the exploratory information of women Entrepreneurs their competencies which impacted to bring to pass a Entrepreneur, spot of issues, when first started their business, while facing competition, in decision-making and their business busy operations etc and comparing these competencies amongst women entrepreneurs of two aras (Hyderabad and Vijayawada).Entrepreneurs have induce the key figure of the economies around the globe as they be crucial for the festering and fixation of companies and dish up of job program as the result. Entrepreneur is the innovator who brings and implements changes within market places through carrying out brisk combinations of several forms. This sack be an presentation to a new product or quality, an asylum to new production technique, opening of a new market, and new extraction of supply of new parts or material or carrying out a new o rganization of an industry (Schummpter, 1935 cited in Anderson, 2008). The entrepreneur beat of Schummpter (1935) has been increasingly investigated as world the instigator of innovation. In fact, new(prenominal) types of entrepreneur can be menti superstard, which argon influenced by pagan peculiarities. Many inquiryers, such as Atamer and Torres wondered whether the menti whizzd vex of Schummpter should be applied to all the countries of the macrocosm. Although, entrepreneurship is a world phenomenon, it is not possible to describe as homogeneous (Atamer and Torres, 2007 cited in Anderson, 2008). agree to Casson, M. (1982), close to of the studies on entrepreneur are relying on a stereotype, which is the adventuresome adventure of business. The analysis of Casson (1982) tended to explain that the egotism made entrepreneurs were the figures from the past and now it is possible to limit an entrepreneur as a person, specialized in decisions round the scarce resource coord ination.Entrepreneur DevelopmentEntrepreneurship has been considered to be limited for the great individuals, both in faculty member view and conventional wisdom. Several articles and books have been written to highlight the virtues of entrepreneurship. However, the story of entrepreneur as a great person eludeed the fundamental mechanism of stinting product and entrepreneurship. In fact, entrepreneurship is not just an economic process rather it extends beyond the new business formation process. Entrepreneurship, therefore, is a cordial process which arises from a vast set of cultural and social conditions (Florida, 2002). In United States, the proclivity of entrepreneurship has scram part of the social ethos. Its creating forces have been building at least for five decades and longer perhaps. However, its rise at social aim or at way of life has novelly become apparent. Entrepreneurship is the part of a vast social movement, a change that residents of the country want ou t of social life. there is increase in interest for becoming entrepreneur. For instance, 60% of the novel adults and teenagers want to become entrepreneurs, according to a survey (Florida, 2002).The learning of entrepreneurship is not obvious in US only the requisite for booking outgrowth around the globe has wedded rise to entrepreneurship in former(a) countries as well. Reduction in youth unemployment is the big challenge that close to of the governments have to face in coming decades. According to a recent study by International Labour Office (ILO), youth is more likely to be unemployed than adults. This likelihood is triple and half time more than that of adults. Approximately 660 million young people, in 2015, will be looking for work or working. This challenge has diverse dimensions and therefore take aways a specific response. It is required to look the entrepreneurship with the situation of youth. Within the framework of basic efforts and strategies of boosting employment for young people, a valuable addition to job creation is the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is an innovative progress for im kick upstairsment of livelihood and job creation among young people. Although, entrepreneurship has derived job creation and economic victimisation, there has been a precise teensy-weensy effort to look at it with the perspective of young people.Current system of entrepreneurship that explains venture creation is organized oecumenically around three core constructs (a) market, (b) money and (c) management. These constructs are refereed as 3Ms. An entrepreneur is required to have market access, money and management if he plans to launch a venture. These constructs are having been expound as fundamental building closures for business viability and they derive from the principal(prenominal)stream economy and management driven entrepreneurship view (Bates et al. cited in Brush, Bruinn, Welter, 2009). These building blocks are basic for the persona of any business.Women Entrepreneur DevelopmentBusinesses owned by women are one of the fastest suffering entrepreneurial populations of the world. They are making a world-shaking voice to employment, innovation and wealth creation in almost all economies (Brush et al., 2006). However, the growth in the importance of women entrepreneurship has not increased the number of studies on the subject. There is a gender gap in academic look, compared to a significant business ownership proportion (Brush, Bruinn, Welter, 2009).Women owners of small business are known to be better informed about issues relating to starting their own business compared to their male counterparts. Women spend more time conducting market look and have historically spent more time accessing finance beca go for of gender bias within the lending industry. Due to their previous employment history many women have better administrative skills over men which should translate to women having better basi c business management knowledge and a higher level of basic business competencies. So This Research would like to conduct a survey on sample of 40 business owners from (ALEAP) Association of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad and Vijayawada. The present study A Research on competencies of Women Entrepreneurs main Objective is to reveal the exploratory information of women Entrepreneurs their competencies which impacted to become a Entrepreneur, number of issues, when first started their business, while facing competition, in decision-making and their business active operations etc and comparing these competencies between women entrepreneurs of two areas (Hyderabad and Vijayawada). clarified and spiritualist Enterprises in IndiaIndia has a vibrant mall and micro enterprise sector which is acting a very important role to sustain the economic growth, with contribution of at least 39% to the manufacturing output and 39% to the trades in 2004-5. aft(prenominal)wards agr iculture, it is the largest employer of adult male jobs that give ups employment to more than 29.5 million people, in the rural and urban areas of India. Their importance in terms of developing new entrepreneurship is recognized well. It is because most of the entrepreneurs are starting their business form a small unit that provides them an opportunity of harnessing their talents and skills, in order to innovate, experiment and transform their ideas into goods and work and nurse it into a greater unit (www.business.gov.in).Over the years, Indian small measure of measurement sector has progressed from producing only simple consumer goods to the production of many precise and train products such as microwave components electronics control systems and electro medical equipments etc. The economic liberalization and process along with market reforms have exposed further the enterprise for increasing ball-shaped and domestic level of completion. The challenges generated for them h ave lead towards a novel glide slope of cluster development of the sector. Private and public sector institutions, as the result have increasingly undertaken initiatives for cluster development (www.business.gov.in).Clusters are defined as the geographical and sectoral concerns of enterprises, particularly small and forte which face common opportunities and threats that give rise o external economies elevate the specialized administrative, technical and financial services, create a conducive development ground of inter- strong cooperation for the promotion of local production, collective learning and innovation. Networking and clustering has helped the small and long suit entrepreneurs in boosting the competitiveness of their business. There are over four hundred SME clusters and about 2000 artisan clusters in India. According to some estimates, these clusters are bestow 60% of the manufactured exports from India. Almost all the gems and jewelry exports are from Surat and Mumb ai clusters. few of Indian small graduated table enterprises clusters are so big that they export 90% of Indias total production output of awarded products. For instance, the clusters of Agra, Chennai and Kolkata are very famous for leather and products of leather (www.business.gov.in).Background to the studyThis look for intended to provide analysis of the status of women entrepreneurs in Business with reference to India. It first draws the profiles, identifies and addresses operational problems faced by women entrepreneurs in business, draws their inclination for future plans for growth and expanding upon and also for the furtherance of look into on women entrepreneurs in India.Purpose of the studyThe Scope of this enquiry will focus on the competencies of these women. The listed competencies were questioned by the professors of the IGNOU University, India and were stated as the key competencies to be considered. These competencies are as listed below. And the questionnai re is a mensuration questionnaire collected from the IGNOU material for MBA students MS-93 Management of New and small Entrepreneurs Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship blockEntrepreneurs in the following areasInitiativeActs on opportunitiespersistenceinformation pursuanceconcern for High Quality of workcommitment to work cut downEfficiency OrientationSystematic planningProblem solving self-confidentAssertivenessPersuasionUse of influence strategiesOverview of the DissertationAims and Objectives of the chartera) To draw the Entrepreneurial Competencies profile of women entrepreneurs at ALEAP located in Hyderabad and Vijayawada.b) To know the level of competencies existing with women entrepreneurs in business.c) To analyze the key challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in business.d) To analyze the future plans for expanding upon and growth of women entrepreneurs in business.e) To compare the level of competencies of women entrepreneurs in ALEAP located at Hyderabad (Urban /Deve loped Area) and Vijayawada (Rural / Undeveloped Area).Significance of the StudyThis look into is intended to assess multi-dimensional issues and challenges related to women entrepreneurs. Analysis of various variables like age, marital status, preparation of self, parents and spouse, number of children, self-esteem of women entrepreneurs have been assessed to understand the self concept of women entrepreneurs, the degree of commitment of women entrepreneurs towards their business (entrepreneurial intensity), entrepreneurial challenges in speed the business and future plans of women entrepreneurs.Affinity to Research AreaThe study is elect majorly because I would like to start up my own small scale enterprise in India under ALEAP, utilizing my proven abilities developed through my education and see to it. And to start a better enterprise with a professional atmosphere, where I can contribute to my maximum ability to uphold the goals as a Lady Entrepreneur and improve my entrepren eurial skills so as to become a self-made slim Scale Women Entrepreneur.Literature ReviewEntrepreneurshipAlthough the entrepreneurship term has been used over 2 hundred years in a business context, there has been a considerable disagreement on its meanings. There have been hundreds of perspectives the themes which are most prevalent are discussed by Morris, Lewis, Sexton, (1994).The introductory definitions of entrepreneurship that were principally formulated by economists, have been observed for tending to underline assumptions of arbitrage, assumption of risk, coordination of factors of production and supply of financial capital. As the entrepreneur was compound clearly in business initiation, the earlier perspectives saw entrepreneurship as companies on-going function and profit to be a return as the result of facing uncertainty and coordinating resources. Researchers have failed to differentiate the entrepreneurship and management, historically. Rhey failed to distinguish between large and small firms. Such difference had not been established until the 1930s. even off than the there had been tendency to associate it with management and small business start up. As such, an entrepreneur is considered to be a person who assumes psychological, social and financial risks which are crucial for starting and running a small scale business (Hisrich and Peters, 19992 cited in Morris, Lewis, Sexton, 1994).Entrepreneurial competencies are related to managerial competencies, provide in the works of Boyatzis (1982). The skill climb has become an increasingly customary marrow of studying entrepreneurial characteristics (For example, Baum, 1994 Bird, 1995 Baron and Markman, 2003 Chandler and Jansen, 1992 Lau, Chan and Man, 1999 Martin and Staines, 1994 McGregor et al, 2000 Schmitt-Rodermund, 2004). According to Bird (1995), competencies are seen as behavioral and observable, and therefore are more closely cogitate to performance than any other entrepreneuri al characteristics such as record traits, intensions or motivations (Herron and Robinson, 1993 Gartner and Starr, 1993). Moreover, as with attitudes (Robinson at al., 1991), competencies are changeable and so the development of entrepreneurial becomes more feasible. Man, Lau and Chan (2002), identified half dozen major areas of entrepreneurial competencies, are categorized as relating to an SME context, including opportunity, relationship, conceptual, organizing, strategic, and commitment competencies.By making appropriate use of his or her competencies, an entrepreneur can behold a widened competitive range of a function such as more opportunities for innovation, business growth, and the provision of new services or products. From available resources, he or she can also develop better organizational capabilities such as the firms innovative capability, cost-saving ability, quality and flexibility. Finally, he or she can plan and work towards a firms long-term performance, along with the available competitive scope and organizational capabilities.Chandler and Jansen (1992) included three characteristic categories of entrepreneurial, managerial, and technical competencies. Baums (1994) measurement of competencies covered a range of instruments measuring traits, skills, experience and knowledge.Man, Lau and Chan (2002) is founded upon a multi-dimensional conceptualization of the competitiveness of SMEs, including the performance dimension, potential dimension and process dimension, developed from earlier studies of competitiveness (Oral, 1986 Feurer and Chaharbaghi, 1994 Buckley, Pass and Prescott, 1998 World Competitiveness Report, 1993). In particular, the influence of the entrepreneur is considered as critical and this is addressed through the competency approach. A detailed coding of 192 competencies in 44 clusters in the hexad areas of opportunity, relationship, conceptual, organizing, strategic, and commitment competencies as in the original framewor k, as well as in two new competencies that do not fit into these six prescribed competency areas but seem to find supporting roles to other competencies. They are named as learning competencies and personal strength competencies. Altogether the entrepreneurial competencies are identified by Man, Lau and Chan as 15 they are as follows Competitive Scope, Organizational Capability, Opportunity Competencies, Relationship Competencies, Analytical Competencies, Innovative Competencies, operable Competencies, Human Competencies, Strategic Competencies, Commitment Competencies, Learning Competencies, Personal Strength Competencies, enthronisation Efficiency, Business Growth and Relative performance.Holmquist (1997) points out that empirical studies of women entrepreneurs and the development of theories about women entrepreneurs is a neglected subject in descriptive perspective inquiry work. Baker et al. (1997) stated that surveys with focus on women entrepreneur still account for only 6-8 percent of international research into entrepreneurship.Brush (1992) concluded from the criticism of existing research that womens business leadership cannot be still utilize traditional (male oriented) framework of business analysis. She writes significant difference have been found in skills, business goals, management styles, business characteristics and growth rates. These variations suggest that women perceive and approach business differently than men. A major expansion of academic interest in women entrepreneurs has occurred since the late 70s, prompted by the perception that businesses owned by women are having an increasing impact on society and the economy. A number of authors in the area of entrepreneurship theory have argued that there is a lack to feminize the research on entrepreneurship. (Moore, 1990 Hurley, 1991 Stevenson, 1990 Fischer et al., 1993), since much is still not understood about the ways women contribute to entrepreneurship and the problems they face. The issue is of more than academic interest. As a result of lack of knowledge of womens contribution to entrepreneurship, public policies and programs to facilitate women to own and run their own businesses are likely to be misdirected (Barret M.A. Mary, 2005). The present research is an attempt to address the dearth in gender studies on entrepreneurship and identify whether there is a difference between men and women entrepreneurs multi-dimensional variables. On one hand it compares the perceptual variable (self-esteem) and intensity of efforts to run business (entrepreneurial intensity) of women and men entrepreneurs and on the other hand it compares the operational problems and future plans of expansion and growth of women and men entrepreneurs in family business. To date there is paucity of research on comparative analysis of women and men entrepreneurs in family business in India.Sources of Small Medium EntrepreneurshipSmall, micro or medium sized entrepreneurships pla y a basic role in countries, particularly, European countries. They are the main source of innovation, entrepreneur skill and employment. For example, in enlarged European northward of 25 countries, about 23 million SMEs are providing around 75 million jobs and are representing 99% of all enterprises. However, they have to confront with market imperfection, most of times. SMEs have frequent tall(prenominal)ies to obtain capital and credit, particularly in the earlier phase of their development. Their restricted resources may also access to new innovation and technologies. Therefore, European Commission has priority for job creation, economic growth and social and economic cohesion.Small and medium entrepreneurs (SME0 sector has been recognized as the engine of growth all over the world.SME sector has characteristics of low coronation funds requirements, location wise mobility, operational flexibility and import substitution. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises development (MS MED) Act, 2006 is the first single comprehensive legislation that covers the all three segments. In accordance with the Act, these enterprises can be classified into two categories- (manufacturing enterprises which are engaged in the production and manufacture of the goods pertaining to an industry which is specified in the first schedule to the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951, they are defined as the investment in machinery and plant (ii) service enterprise engaged to provide or render the services and are defined in terms of equipment investment (www.business.org.in).Need for Small and Medium Enterprises to access new technologySmall and medium enterprises in India with their flexibility, dynamism and innovative drive are centering increasingly on improved methods of production, strategies of penetrative marketing and capabilities of advanced scientific management for sustaining and strengthening their operations. They have been poised for global partnership and have absorbing potential for the latest technologies in the region of diverse industry. Small and medium enterprises in India are more beautiful and efficient and add value to social and economic sphere. As the countries are integrating into the global village, the small and medium sectors will have to respond accordingly. The small and medium enterprise needs special attention as they are compete a crucial role in the socio economic development of the country.The problems being faced by the small and medium enterprises, particularly access to red-brick technology and maintenance of competitiveness, have been formidable. In order to meet the challenges of modern times, there is need to enable SMEs to access to new technologies to increase their competiveness in international market. There is need to provide them a conducive purlieu that includes formulation of appropriate programs and policies, build up technological capacity, RD and inter firm linkages and technology infobas e and knowledge flow (Kharbanda, 2001).Proposed Research MethodologyThe Research design chosen for this research is exploratory and descriptive research designs. After soundly considering the problem and the research objectives in this research I would like to select a two stage research design, in stage one exploratory research design, followed by stage two is descriptive research design.There are two types of research, basic and applied. The purpose of basic research is the knowledge for the sake of knowledge. On the other hand, the scholar of knowledge is more concerned about the acquisition of knowledge that satisfy in its various(prenominal) of the fact that weather is of any practical use or not. The basic purpose of research, in applied research is to put knowledge into practice. A researcher would be interested more, in applied knowledge, in nerve-wracking to explore some utility from it and to bring improvement is practical human life. Different methods of research are u sed in research of social sciences as research and problems that are conducted in social sciences are having various geniuss (isbs.webs.com).The involved approach of research methodology is used in the current study. Most of researchers use this approach in the field of social sciences. The involved approach is the combination of qualitative and quantitative research. Here is detailed introduction of both of the research methodologiesqualitative Research DesignQualitative research is the type of scientific research which seeks answer for a question and uses systematically the predefined set of procedures to answer that question. The evidence is collected in this method and findings are produced that had not been determined in advance. Finally, qualitative research produces findings which are applicable not only for the research in hand, but also beyond its immediate boundaries. In addition to these characteristics, qualitative research seeks to understand the given topic or rese arch problem from the local population perspective that it involves. Qualitative research is particularly good to obtain specific cultural information about the opinions, values, social context and behaviors of a particular population. The main strength of the qualitative research is the ability of providing complex contextual explanation about experience of people about that particular research issue. Qualitative research provides information of human side in particular research issues, which are the contradictory beliefs, behaviors, emotions, opinions and relationships among people. Qualitative method of research is also effective to identify the intangible factors, such as socioeconomic status, social norms, and ethnicity, godliness and gender roles. The role of these intangible factors may not readily define in the research. Although the findings of qualitative research data can be extensive often to people with have similar characteristics as that of study population, to s et ahead a complex and rich complex understanding of a particular phenomenon or context takes precedence on eliciting data which can be generalized to other population or geographical areas. Qualitative research, in this sense is slightly different from general scientific research. There are three common methods of qualitative approach to collect data in depth interviews, participant observation and focus groups.In-depth interviews are the optimal approach of collecting data on personal histories of individuals, their experiences and perspectives, particularly if sensitive topics needed to be explored.Participant observation approach is appropriate for data parade on behaviors that occur naturally, in their usual context.Focus groups are very effective to elicit data on the groups cultural norms and in generating spacious interviews of issues of concern of the cultural groups or represented subgroups.The mentioned above approaches of qualitative data collection collect the data in the form of audio recordings, field notes and transcripts. decimal Research DesignThese experiments sometimes are referred to be a true science as they use traditional statistical and mathematical means for measuring results collectively. Quantitative research design is most commonly used in physical sciences however education, social science and political economy also have been known to use qualitative research design. This approach is opposite to qualitative research design. all quantitative experiments use a step format, however with some minor interdisciplinary differences of hypothesis times to be approved or to be disapproved. The hypothesis must be approvable by statistical and mathematical means and must ne establish around the whole design of experiment. It is essential in quantitative research design to have a randomized study group and a control group, whenever possible. In addition, a quantitative research design should operate one variable at a point of time dif ferently statistical analysis may become open for questioning and cumbersome.TEH quantities research should be conducted in a manner that may allow others to use and repeat the experiment to obtain similar findings.Quantitative research is the dainty way you finalize results and prove or disprove a hypothesis. Quantitative research structure has not faced changes for centuries therefore it is a standard across various scientific disciplines and fields.A comprehensive answer to the questions is reached after statistical analysis of results. The results can be published and discussed legitimately. It is possible to separate out the external factors in the quantitative research, if properly designed. The results, therefore, can be seen as unbiased and real.There are disadvantages too of using quantitative research design. Quantitative experiments are expensive and difficult sometimes and require a lot of effort and time to perform. There is need to plan quantitative research designs carefully, in order to ensure that there is a correct designing and compete randomization of control group. There is need for an extensive statistical analysis in quantitative studies that is a difficult task as most of the scientists are not statisticians. The statistical study field is a complete scientific discipline that can be very difficult for researchers who are non-mathematicians. In addition t this, the requirements of the successful statistical confirmation of results has been very stringent and very few experiments prove hypothesis comprehensively. There is always some ambiguity that requires refinement and retesting of the design. It means another investment of resources and time should be committed for fine tune up of the results. There is a very little place for uncertainty and greyness areas in quantitative research design as it tends to generate results which are proved or unproved. In social sciences, psychology, education and anthropology, human nature is more c omplex than the simple responses of yes and no (Shuttleworth, 2008).Mixed method Research DesignA mixed design for research is a general type research that is including qualitative and quantitative research techniques, data and methods. All of these characteristics are mixed whenever needed in a particular research study. The mixed method design uses the mixed data and additional means, such as text analysis and statistics. Inductive and deductive scientific research methods are used in a mixed approach. It has various forms for data collection and produce pragmatic and eclectic reports.The basic types of mixed approach are mixed method and the mixed model research. In mixed research method, quantitative data is used for one stage of the research study and for the second stage the qualitative data is used. Both, quantitative and qualitative data I used in a mixed model design. This mixing of the two approaches happens at all the stages of research.It is important, in a research, to use the mixed research method to conduct the detailed research. Mixed research has various advantages, such as the research method is very strong, using multiple methods in the research helps in researching a problem or process from its all sides and using the different approaches helps to focus on a single process and helps to confirm the accuracy of data. The mixed research complements the results of one type of research with another type. The mixed approach does not miss any available data.