How Can Civic Education Enhances Civil Society Essay Example for Free

How Can cultured Education Enhances Civil Society EssayCivic education is very essential to for each one and all citizen in a cultured hunting lodge. Therefore it must be notice satisfactory. Civic education contributes to the well-being of auberge. This presentation is aimed at discussing how civic education can enhance complaisant society. The key concepts in this presentation are civic education and civic society. Therefore it is most-valuable to know the meaning of these two terms. Civic education is the theatre of study dealing with rights and responsibilities of citizenship as well as the responsibilities of the government. It deals with the commitment, assumptions, values and challenges of the national and civil society at large (Mwaipaya 1980). A Civil society is a ordinary place between the states the market and the ordinary household, in which race debate and tackles action. Civic education enhances civil society in many ways, as one of the components is ci vic acquaintance which it imparts in the citizen of the civil society.If the civil society are aware of their rights and if they know what to do it is very easy for them to participate in various activities of the civil society. Civic education imparts knowledge on democracy among the citizen of the civil society democracy simply means a dialogue, a discussion, and a deliberative process in which citizen engage themselves in headway about civic knowledge worry what are the foundation of that particular civil society, and if the civil society will have knowledge on democracy issues it will improve. Hence this knowledge about democracy can only be imparted to the civil society through civic education and by doing so it is enhancing the needs of a civil society (Brookers etal 1980). Civic education withal enhances civil society in terms of democracy because it is through civic education that we know and explain to others on how democracy acts and depends on certain basic values lik e respect for individual, the right to participate in the implementation of politics and development programmes, therefore if people in a civil society have knowledge about these rights and responsibilities, the civil society will be improved.Civic education can enhance the civil society because of its civic skills, if citizens are able to utilization their rights and discharge their responsibilities as members of self-governing communities, they are only need to acquire relevant mental and participatory skills, when we say intellectual skills these are essential for informed, rough-and-ready and inseparable citizen from content, to be able to think critically about contemporary relevance as well as command of a set of an intellectual tools or considerations useful in dealing with such an issue. Hence if the society will have civic skills it will automatically be enhanced and there will be quick development in that particular civil society (Z.C.E.A, 2004). Another intellectual s kill which good civic education fosters is that of describing. The energy to describe functions and processes such as legislative checks and balances or judicial review is indicative of understanding, describing trends like participation in civil life, immigration or involution helps the citizens fit current events into longer term pattern (Patterson, 2001).Civic education seeks to develop competence in explaining and analyzing issues, if citizen can explain how something should work, they will be able to analyze things as the components and consequences of ideals, social, political or economic processes and institutions. The ability to analyze enables one to distinguish between facts and opinion or between means and ends. It also helps the citizen to clarify responsibilities such as those between personal and public responsibilities or those between elected or appointed officials and citizens, therefore this can only happens if people in a civil society have civil skills and by h aving these skills in a civil society means that civic education is doing its logical argument of enhancing the civil society (African Development Bank Achieving Millennium Development Goals in Global poverty, 2002).Furthermore, civic education enhances civil society through the component of civic skills, in such a way that education for citizenship in a democratic society focuses on civic skills that are required for informed, effective and accountable participation in the political process and in civil society, those skills can be categorized as interacting, monitoring and influencing. Interacting pertains to the skills citizen need to communicate and to work hand in glove with others. To interact is to be responsive to ones fellow citizens, to interact is to question, to answer and to deliberate with civility, therefore if people be able to interact and question others toward certain common good the civil society will be enhanced. Monitoring politics and government simply refer s to the skills citizens need to track the handling of issues by the political process and by the government. Monitoring also means the exercising of over sight functions on the part of citizens.Finally the participatory skill of influencing refers to the expertness to affect the process of politics and governance, both the formal processes of governance in the community (Mwaipaya, 1986). Civic education can improve and enhance our civil society through the component of civic dispositions essential traits of snobby and public character. This is important to the maintenance and improvement of constitutional democracy. Civic dispositions, like civic skills, develop behind overtime and as a result of what one learns and experience in the home, school and organizations of civil society. These experiences should engender understanding that democracy requires the responsible self -governance of each individual worth and their dignity. One cannot exist without the other.Traits of privat e character such as moral responsibility, self -discipline and respect for the worth and human dignity of every individuals are no less consequential. Such traits as public spiritedness, civility, and respect for the rule of law, critical mindedness to listen, negotiate and compromise are indispensible to democracy success (Patterson, 2001). Civic education can enhance civil society due to civic dispositions that contribute to the political efficiency of the individual, the healthy functioning of the political system, a champion of dignity and worthy as well as the common good were identified in national standards for civics and government. In the interest of brevity, these dispositions are private and public character might be described as becoming an independent member of the society, assuming the personal, political and economic responsibilities of a citizen, respecting individual worth and human dignity (respecting others and listen to their opinions).Also participating in civ il affairs in a thoughtful and effective manner as well as promoting the healthy functioning of constitutional democracy (Todaro etal 2009) Therefore, it can be noted that civic dispositions as a component or the habits of the heart , the traits of the public and private character that under-greed democracy are in the long run, probably of more consequence than the knowledge or skills a citizen may command (Z.C.E.A, 2004). In conclusion, civil society can be enhanced by civic education through its components (civic knowledge, civic skills and civic dispositions). Civic education is therefore very important to the lives of citizens in a civil society and it must be noticeable.

Operation of Assemblers Essay Example for Free

Operation of Assemblers EssayA program written in prevarication lecture is more than more readable and understandable than its equivalent in machine code an assembler is a program which translates assembly language into machine code.The assembler accepts an assembly language program as data, converts mnemonic operation codes (op-codes) to their numeric equivalents, assigns symbolic addresses to memory locations and produces as output the required machine code program.Assembly language is the source program and when translated into machine code it is know as object program. The chase programs are written for the BEP/16 programming environment to achieve the following arithmetic operationsa) a + bSWI lollInt Operating governing body call to get a 16 bit whole number from the keyboard. Value returned in R0MOV R1, R0 gunstock the starting signal order in R1SWI getInt Get second valueMOV R2, R0 Store in register R2MOV R3, R1 R3 = aADD R3, R2 R3 = a+bMOV R4, R1 R 4 = aMOV R0, R3 retroflex amswer to R0SWI putInt Operating system call to display the 16-bit integer in R0HLT Terminate program.b) a bSWI getInt Operating system call to get a 16 bit integer from the keyboard. Value returned in R0MOV R1, R0 Store the first value in R1SWI getInt Get second valueMOV R2, R0 Store in register R2MOV R3, R1 R3 = aSUB R3, R2 R3 = a-bMOV R4, R1 R4 = aMOV R0, R3 Copy amswer to R0SWI putInt Operating system call to display the 16-bit integer in R0HLT Terminate program.c) a x bSWI getInt Operating system call to get a 16 bit integer from the keyboard. Value returned in R0MOV R1, R0 Store the first value in R1SWI getInt Get second valueMOV R2, R0 Store in register R2MOV R3, R1 R3 = aMUL R3, R2 R3 = a x bMOV R4, R1 R4 = aMOV R0, R3 Copy amswer to R0SWI putInt Operating system call to display the 16-bit integer in R0HLT Terminate program.d) a + bSWI getInt Operating system call to get a 16 bit integer from the k eyboard. Value returned in R0MOV R1, R0 Store the first value in R1SWI getInt Get second valueMOV R2, R0 Store in register R2MOV R3, R1 R3 = aSUB R3, R2 R3 = a bMOV R4, R1 R4 = aADD R4, R2 R4 = a + bMOV R0, R3 Copy amswer to R0SWI putInt Operating system call to display the 16-bit integer in R0HLT Terminate program.e) a + bSWI getInt Operating system call to get a 16 bit integer from the keyboard. Value returned in R0MOV R1, R0 Store the first value in R1SWI getInt Get second valueMOV R2, R0 Store in register R2MOV R3, R1 R3 = aADD R3, R2 R3 = a + bMOV R4, R1 R4 = aSUB R4, R2 R4 = a bMOV R0, R3 Copy amswer to R0SWI putInt Operating system call to display the 16-bit integer in R0HLT Terminate program.

Impact of Digitisation on Media Consumption

Impact of Digitisation on Media ConsumptionHow has digitisation changed media consumption? Discuss with reference to at least one specific example.The last decades fork out brought a revolution on how and where information and entertainment are being delivered. About 13 years ago MySpace was the best source for loving networking. Facebook and YouTube did not even exist then. Now Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube gain things ranging from currents, sports, entertainment clips to original creations. However, this is not just about the development of more sources of media moreover it is about how media are delivered. straighta manner everything we see, hear and read, is digitized. They are a product of those countless 1s and 0s codes. That in turn means, that as far as technology is concerned, it is all the same print, audio and motion-picture show have no difference. Every conceivable kind of information comes to us on the same device. If you own a smart phone then you mechanically have a phone, a tv screen, a newspaper, a camera, a file holder, a radio and many more. This has shifted the power away from the providers to the users of information. Media gets shaped by the consumers. Media convergence has encouraged an increase of participatory culture where the consumer is uniformwise the producer of media. As a result, participation in media has leaked into politics. The rise of the network society has also led to transformations of social dynamics and interpersonal relationships as well as how individuals relate to institutions. Donald Trumps tweeting demonstrate the notion of relationship shift in three variant ways.In order to understand how Trump uses tweets in social media and with what outcome, one needs to be aware of how an individual disregard change the course of practical(prenominal) products. Everyone is potentially a producer of media as well as a consumer of media. We live in a world where sharing with each early(a) what we prepare is mutu ally rewarding and has an enormous emotional satisfaction. Going back 200 years in invoice, people struggled with the limits of technology to figure out a way to share their ideas with each other and to communicate effectively crossways great geographic distances. Middle of the 19th century, teenagers were producing publications using tin-toy printing press, where they had to sit and type letter by letter in order to print something (Leurs, 2017).They would print them and these things would then circulate on a national scale. That is the same impulse that leads kids today to tramp content on their Facebook page or to put forward their own song videos for YouTube. This desire to create and share what you create with others is corporeally powerful. Is not an agency or a network that is pushing content to be viewed, but it is the consumer that engages other consumers with that content (Jenkins, Ford and Green, 2013 2). For instance, on Facebook there is a share button where you ca n share content with your friends. If your friends like it then they can share it again and so on and this is one of the ways a content can go viral. Consequently, spreadability is all about the choices the consumers make which affects the flow of media by dint of the culture (Jenkins, Ford and Green, 2013 3-5). Spreadability allows information to flow in an interconnected society. Content does not just go around on its own accord participatory culture allows media content to spread through denary active choices (Jenkins, 2006 3). Individuals have a greater guarantee over the means of cultural production and circulation than ever before. This is because, it is not the creator of a virtual(prenominal) product that is facing pages it to the mass, but it is the masses who are spreading it among one another and their networks.Trumps relationship with the media is complex in three ways. Firsly, Trumps tweets depict how participatory culture is important for the vitality of an indivi dual or a virtual product. According to Castell, network society forms the new architecture of society. Networks have an open structure and are able to expand and contract as necessary. The discourse that occurs across these networks is multidimensional and multidirectional. For instance, during Trumps presidential campaign, in 2016, there was an apparent rise in Trumps tweets. His tweets were then taken out of context and converted to memes. These memes were then uploaded in multiple online pages such(prenominal) as 9Gag and Reddit. Through participatory culture people from all over the world could be part of Trumps presidential campaign. Additionally, people were not totally sharing Trumps tweets but someone created a page (www.faketrumpetweet.com) where anyone can create a fake trump tweet and then share it as an genuine tweet. Therefore, the rise of participatory culture in a network society has led to transformations of social dynamics. Trumps constant controversial Tweets, during his campaign, made him look more like a mass media celebrity rather than a traditional politician. This demonstrates that people were connecting around and through Trump. This was about what the people did. Trump was simply a conjure up attached to participatory culture as large numbers of young people moved for the first time in the political process. Wider culture is now translating politics to popular culture. Trumps constant tweeting proves that politics is moving away from policy discourse and into a more engaged audience.Secodly, Trumps tweets portray the blur lines between real and fake context in the network society. Cultural networks have evolved from the virtual network society and emerged from the industrial age to the information age (Castell). In this renewing capitalism is no longer centred on the production of material goods, but on the information and knowledge. Trump has often been criticized for tweeting misleading information. However, not everyone can key fake news. Pierre Levy, a French philosopher, cultural theorist and media scholar, developed the idea of collective intelligence. Levy argues that in a networked society nobody knows everything (Levy, 1997 13).Everybody knows something but there is an enormous array of all kinds of expertise and knowledge out there. Hence, we relay, to some extent, on media to make sense of the world around us. If someone relies on Trumps tweets to receive basic information then this person will not only receive deceptive information but a great substance of biasness too. With digitizations advancements, each individual, sitting behind a computer or a tablet, has in their hands more power than any previous generation could imagine. to each one individual should make extra effort on social media to try and verify stories before passing them on, especially if they confirm a pre-existing bias.Thirdly, through Trumps tweets the representation of a paradoxical connection with globalization is evide nt and this allows information to be instantaneously consumed. His lack of globalized thinking is evident in many of his tweets such as America must put its own citizens first, because only then can we truly Make America Great Again JointAddress AmericanSpirit (tweet was posted on Feb. 28, 2017, 914 p.m.) is just an example out of the tens. What Trump is trying to do is abandon globalization using globalized means. The nature of the network society, and thus globalization, make it possible for Trump to be accessed by different people in different places at the same time. As a result, social media becomes a encounter point and a place of global scale exchange of opinions and statements. The difference in a network society is that the process of managing information within social networks is achieved using electronic based technologies. Still, what is interesting with Trumps tweets is that when he tweets it not only spreads throughout social media, but it also gets attention from tra ditional media (newspapers etc). Thus, he appeals to everyone by starting national as a well as global discussions 140 characters at a time. As a result, societies do not have to be attached to a specific geographic space such as a nation or state, but simply to the space of communication and information flows. Hence, in a way, it should not feel weird that a president tweets this much, because he is communicating in a way that any other person is.Consequently, Donald Trumps tweeting allows power relationships to shift and it makes participatory culture even more evident in the network society. This brings out an outcome where consumers are more tight involved on how the media landscape looks like. Every minute new layers of content are created. People add their own variance by alternating information, creating new content, or adding on to the spreadability of virtual products. However, it is easy for someone to consume deliberate misinformation via social media. Nonetheless, the p rocess of creating new product, whether they entail real or fake information, keeps on accelerating and expanding, thus, media will continue to create a type value and meaning as it travels across cultures through network societies. This is because humans correspondingly shape and determine communications and networks. Finally, Castells theory of the increasing connectedness of human society and our reliance on information and communication technologies is an important contribution to our understanding of globalization in the media and Donald Trump is e ultimate participator and reciprocator of his through his tweeting.CitationsJenkins, H. (2004). The Cultural Logic of Media Convergence. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 7(1), pp.33-43.Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture Where Old and impudently Media Collide. 1st ed. New York New York University Press.Jenkins, H., Ford, S. and Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. 1st e d. New York New York University Press.Leurs, L. (2017). 1800-1849 The history of printing during the 19th century. online Prepressure. Available at https//www.prepressure.com/printing/history/1800-1849 Accessed 15 Mar. 2017.Levy, P. (1997). Collective intelligence Mankinds Emerging World in Cyberspace. 1st ed. Cambridge, Mass Perseus Books.

Functional And Non Functional Requirements In Software Computer Science Essay

Functional And Non Functional Requirements In Software Computer Science EssayA functional requirement defines a function of a packet musical arrangement or its component. A function is described as a set of inputs, the appearance and outputs. Functional requirements may be calculations, technical details, entropy manipulation and processing, and other specialized functionality that define what a system is supposed to accomplish15.R1 Module EnrolmentStudents leave be able to enroll in a particular module.R2 The operation bequeath be able to retrieve questions from the emceeThe system will issue a client and master of ceremonies connection. Students gutter retrieve the questions from the server using the WAP engineering.R3 The system will provide a parole systemThe system will require registration to obtain rolername and password of assimilators for them to access the system.R4 Get module estimation correction feedbackThe system will provide a client and server connect ion. Students can get and view a feedback about the module for which they have been assessed.R5 The system will provide a GUI interface menu for the studentThe students can freely choose the required menu for navigating along the system.3.1.2 Non-Functional RequirementsA Non-Functional requirement specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, preferably than particular(prenominal) behaviors. This should be contrasted with functional requirements that define specific behavior or functions. In general, Non-Functional requirements define how a system is supposed to be. Non-Functional requirements are often called qualities of a system16.The Non-Functional requirements of the system to be developed are listed belowThe application that will be developed should have a nice graphical user interface.The rambling devices should be able to cope with exceptions that arise.Invalid inputs must not cause the system to crash.3.2 ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEMN ow, there is a wish to find a office about how to develop this application and use it through a mobile device. However, there is no alternative way to cream this problem.To illustrate this fact, if we develop the mobile assessment application to be used on a PC or laptop, HTML would have been used for sack maturement where students can access the application through their pc or laptop. But, it would not be accessible via a mobile echo as specific existing markup languages have been designed to be used for mobile web development such as WML.3.3 PROPOSED SOLUTIONThe most suitable and best way to develop the application is by using the existing markup language which is used for mobile web development such as WML.Justification for proposed solutionAt the present time, every student own a mobile echo and students can access the system anywhere and at anytime through their mobile phone that supports WML pages.3.4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEMThe system that will be designed is concerned with the development of a WAP mobile assessment system for students to access specific questions for a module and then correctly answer these questions to test their knowledge from their mobile phone. The system will be developed by using WAP technology such as Wireless Markup Language (WML).WML is a markup language that has been designed for devices that implement the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) specification. More over, it is the first markup language for wireless devices. The situation of WML in mobile internet applications is the same as that of HTML in web applications. But, WAP poses are create verbally in WML while web sites are written in HTML.The system will allow students toEnroll for a particular moduleView the questions for a specific module on their mobile phoneRetrieve questions and assess themselves by answering these questions which will be in various coifs. One of the format includes Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ).Get feedback about the asses sment of that particular module on their mobile phone.However, students will have to register themselves where they will be required to write a username and password. Then, they will use this username and password to gain access to the mobile module assessment system.3.4.1 The WAP Programming ModelThe WAP Programming Model is similar to the Web programming model with matching extensions scarce it accommodates the characteristics of the wireless environment.The WAP programming model is based largely on the Web programming model. But how does the WAP gateway work with HTML? In some situations, the data service or content located on the web server is HTML-based. Some WAP gateways could be made to convert HTML pages in to a format that can be displayed on wireless devices, But as HTML was not really designed for small screens, the WAP protocol defines its own markup language, the Wireless Markup Language(WML), which adheres to the XML stock(a) and is designed to enable powerful applic ations within the constraints of handheld devices.In HTML, there are no functions to check the validity of user input or to soften messages and dialog boxes locally. To overcome this limitation , JavaScript was developed. Similarly, to overcome the same restrictions in WML, a new scripting language known as WMLScript has been developed.3.5 EVALUATION OF TOOLS3.5.1 WML Emulators3.5.1.1 WAP cogent evidence 2008 Professional transformation 4.2.0327Brief descriptionWAP PROOF is an ape of a WAP web browser for Microsoft Windows, a universal WML and xHTML intended for designers of mobile content. It is designed for the preview and debugging of mobile websites.StrengthsIt works over HTTP as an ordinary HTML browser.It has the most of its features, such as using bookmarks, changing the document encoding, offline working.Several mobile devices (Alcatel, Motorola, Nokia, Sagem, Samsung, Siemens, Sony Ericson) are emulated, do the mobile site can be tested.The emulator supports WML, Xhtml, html and Chtml documents.It is similar to a real mobile browser request, so WAP PROOF can be used for the development of resources being sensitive to the user-agent.Support of non-latin encodings (Hebrew, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek).Low price compared to similar commercial WAP emulators.GET and POST methods access to server.WeaknessesProblems with accesskey attribute and with keyboard events are fixed, but the latest version overcome this problem.Some problems faced with fonts in Windows Vista.3.5.1.2 Klondike WAP BrowserBrief descriptionKlondike looks like a Web Browser and is therefore very easy to use for beginners. Local WML files can be accessed easily.StrengthsSurf through sites and local pages that utilize the WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) which is used by Internet-enabled mobile phones.Include use of functions such as character entities, text input and validation, single and multiple selection boxes, variable substitution, deck-card task and event shadowing, desk access control, GET and POST methods, variable escaping, times and BMPs and BMP anchors.WeaknessesThe engine is specifically designed for operating systems snuff itning on small devices with very limited memory.Memory allocation requirements during runtime.3.5.1.3 YospaceBrief descriptionIt is a mobile application innovator and platform provider allowing digital publishers, mobile application developers and mobile operators to rapidly and affordably deliver mobile video services12.StrengthsIt supports basic markup language such as WML and xHTML MP to server generated code.Widsets, SMS, gateway and server set up are also covered.WeaknessesIt is expensive to buy the full version.3.5.1.4 WinWapBrief descriptionWinWap is a WML browser that works on any computer with a 32-bit windows installed. WinWap Technologies is specialized in software technologies for mobile internet browsing and multimedia messaging (MMS).StrengthsIt allows you to use WAP services on your windows PC.The browser is a mo bile internet browser that emulates the way you would use the mobile internet services on built-in browser of a smartphone.Installation is easy.You will not encounter so much difficulties with the emulator as it is easy to use and understand.WeaknessesWindows mobile versions are available separately.Some telecommunication operators require that you connect your mobile phone to your computer/PDA and use it to get access to the telecom operator specific services.3.5.2 Web Server serve Software3.5.2.1 EasyPHP version 5.3.2StrengthsIt is a complete software package that allows you to use all the power and the flexibility that dynamic languages like PHP offer.Easy to install and run apache.Efficient use of databases (MySql).An easy development tool for your website or applications.WeaknessesIt may be prompted to change some variables in the apache configuration file.3.5.2.2 CERN ServerStrengthsIt is a generic public domain full-featured hypertext server.WeaknessesThe server runs on most ly Unix platforms.It requires caching of documents that results in faster response times.3.6 CHOICE OF FINAL TOOLS3.6.1 WML EmulatorAfter analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the different WML emulators to develop the application, I have come to a conclusion that WAP PROOF 2008 professional version 4.2.0327 will be the most appropriate.Justification for choosing WAP PROOF 2008 professional version 4.2.0327WAP PROOF is an emulator of a WAP browser for Microsoft Windows which is designed for the preview and debugging of mobile websites. Through the use of the WAP emulator, mobile-oriented (WML, XHTML, Chtml, and HTML) pages can be viewed exactly as if they have been opened by a real mobile phone and switch between various mobile devices by few mouse clicks. Furthermore, the HTTP request sent by this WAP emulator is similar to a real mobile browser request, thus WAP PROOF can be used to develop resources that are sensitive to the user-agent.WAP PROOF can even be used to validate t he syntax of WML or Xhtml documents, debug the interactive WAP pages, and check the HTTP traffic between the browser and the server. The error diagnostics is descriptive and all the debugging information is accessible.3.6.2 Web Server Services SoftwareAfter a thorough investigation on the web services software, EasyPHP has been chosen as it has many advantages than that of CERN server.Justification for choosing EasyPHP(version 5.3.2)This web server software has been chosen on the basis that I have some previous knowledge on EasyPHP software as I have used it for the development of a website in the Web Technologies module. With prospect to that, I have decided to use this software for server in order to test the WML pages on localhost.3.7 FUNCTIONAL MODELING OF THE SYSTEMSystem models are graphical representations that describe the problem to be solved and the system which is to be developed.To view the system from different perspectives, four models have been put forwardUse Case dia grams to show how the student and the administrator are interacting with the system. entropy Flow diagrams to show the flow of data about how the student will interact with the mobile assessment system.

Renewable Energy Sources In Malaysia

renewable Energy Sources In MalaysiaToday, brawn challenge turned out to be a leaden threat to sustainable development in developing countries since their strength needs is increasing more quickly than advanced countries. On the other side, fossil give the sack combustion cannot brinytain longer in the foreseeable future because of the environmental impact and the reduction of resources. Malaysia is experiencing dramatic appendage of population and the scrimping and need to attempt for options zip fastener sources in support of its inhabitants and business nothing needs. Fourth-largest null source in the humanity is biomass and was rich in the countries.Malaysia blessed with the equatorial forests and moist temper all the year round which is a wonderful opportunity for full exploitation of agricultural and tropical rain forests possible. Term of chase away-to-wealth has been started at the end of 1990, and it has rifle common. This idea is based on undesirable waste th at is converted into useful energy while minimizing waste generation and to increase the frugal-impact employ primarily for cooking, for heating system and electricity. Presently, coordinated attempts and different biomass energy plans are persuaded by the political science for growth, commercialization and demonstration.This studys purpose to this present state and perspectives of the biomass use and strategy promoted to the future development of Malaysia.KeywordsRenewable Energybiomass effectivenessPolicySustainableMalaysiaIntroductionMalaysia covers a landmass of 329,847 square kilometers which consist of two regions Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo which are separated by the South China Sea 1. With its population growth of 1.7% 1.6% per annum 2, Malaysia is heading to its governments vision to become a humane industrialized country by year 2020 and with such ambitious vision, the growth of Science and Technology is continuously developing hence contributing to inc rease need of energy 3.Malaysia relies on non-renewable energy and is currently venturing into renewable energy. There are a telephone number of identified renewable energy sources for example solar power, hydro power, anoint palm biomass and waste materials 4 which are cosmos used and further studies are being conducted to improve its quality and performance.The usage of renewable energy has contributed to castrated pollutions to the environment, price saving cheaper source of energy 5, and does not reduce the inborn sources 6.As a developing country, Malaysias population continues to grow and live increasingly energy dependent lives the future of energy supply is growing. This study is revise the present potentialitys of energy resources especially biomass and then the future contributions to the national energy generation in Malaysia.Information AnalysisEnergy crisis is becoming a thoughtful threat to sustainability mainly in developing countries and communities of the last decades. Between 1990 and 2000, the Asia Pacifics developing countries met 27% increase in conventional energy consumption whereas the consumption of world energy was 11% 7. Growing in the energy demand is predicted to continue in the future. Fossil fuels have been the main source of energy since first sparks of engineering appeared in mankind lives, however, depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as significant environmental impacts, leads the governments and authorities to focus on renewable energy resources. In nearly recent years, demand for petroleum-derived fuels is increasing as a result of grow in population and economy 8.The contemporary Malaysian economy is a net energy exporter with 11% of export income in 2004 derived from crude inunct, LNG and petroleum products 9. The final energy demand of Malaysia is expected to grow at 2.9% per year, gain 69.39 MTOE1 in 2020, nearly double the 2002 level. The industry sector will have the highest growth rate of energy de mand at 3.38%, followed by transport at 2.74%, residential at 1.86% and commercial at 1.14%, as shown in Fig.1 10.Fig.1. Predictions of Malaysian energy demand by sector (1980-2020) 11Energy position in MalaysiaMalaysia produces and utilizes both conventional and renewable sources of energy. The largest conventional energy resource found in Malaysia is petroleum (i.e. rock oil and muff). According to the Oil Gas Journal (OGJ), Malaysia held proven oil reserves of 4 billion barrels as of January 2010, and its oil reserves are reported to be the third highest in the Asia-Pacific region. Malaysia was the worlds tenth largest holder of inwrought gas reserves in 2010 and the second largest exporter of liquefied natural gas by and by Qatar in 2009. OGJ states that Malaysia held 83 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2010. Coal deposits can also be found in Malaysia. However, only a small ploughshare is being mined 12.Malaysia is a significant oil a nd natural gas producer and is strategically located amid important routes for the seaborne energy trade. Malaysias oil reserves are the third highest in the Asia-Pacific region after China and India.Fig.2. The electric power breedd by different sectors in Malaysia (in 2009) (Source trading economics) 13It is evident that Malaysia is still very much dependent on fossil fuels in all its commercial energy demand and electricity generation (Table 2). Table2. Percentage of electricity generation based on fuel types 14 socio-economic classCoal (%)Petroleum (%)Gas (%)Hydro (%)19949.3022.3051.7016.70200015.005.0070.0010.00201018.002.0050.0030.00202029.001.0040.0030.00The most important sources supplies were crude oil and petroleum products and then followed by the natural gas. It can be stated that the core supply of energy is increased gradually from 1978 to 2013 (Fig.3). In 2013, the percentage of crude oil and petroleum products descending to under 10 % but the percentage of natural g as is ascending to just over 62 %. Although crude oil and petroleum had contributed the largest percentage of total amount supply, an increase in the usage of combust and coke had reduced the annual growth rate of oil supply. The contribution of the other sources whereas had remained the same.The price effective, quality, reliability, and security supply need to be considered to produce optimum energy mix from domestic sources. The international market price of crude oil is projected to remain high so that alternative approaches need to be make to reduce the dependency on petroleum products.Fig.3. sack mix trend in power generation in Malaysia 15Renewable energy resourcesThe most important sources of renewable energy in Malaysia are biomass and solar and sustainable use of energy has been emphasized in the countrys development plans and supported by disposal initiatives. Under the 10th Malaysia Plan, the brass will be introducing the feed-in tariff (FiT) of 1% to be incorporate d into the electricity tariffs of consumers to support the development of renewable energy (Fig.4).330 MWBiomassBiogasMini-hydrosolar PVSolid Waste100 MW290 MW65 MW200 MW41.523 X201520095.5 %% of total electricity generatedPlanned increase in renewable energy strengthFig.4. Moving towards renewable energy replaces the need for fossil-fuel power plants 16Solar powerThe RE sector is fast gaining ground as a new growth celestial sphere for umpteen countries with the potential it presents environmentally and economically. It plays a major role in meeting energy needs, making it possible for businesses to reap energy cost savings while combating worldwide warming. Currently, Malaysia is world the third largest producer of solar cells after China and Germany (Fig.5). Malaysia already has companies across the entire value chain, from silicon outturn to solar cell manufacturing and module assembly.With the committed amount of fund for the rolling out of the first FiT incentive for 2012 2014, Malaysia is on the right direction to accomplish a targeted revenue of at least RM70 billion from the private sector by 2020.Fig.5. Predicted solar manufacturing from 2006 to 2020 by different regions 17Predicted to be a clean energy of the future, solar energy has been at the forefront of power development in the developed countries and a possible source of energy for developing countries similar to Malaysia. This paper introduces Malaysias solar energy or solar photovoltaic development prospects. The study was carried out by first searching in the countrys energy policy linked to solar power. Key players in solar power development as government organizations are presented. Initial solar energy programs and key projects entitled Malaysia grammatical construction Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) and the successful initiatives will be submitted. Measures that adopted by the government of Malaysia include appealing incentives to promote solar photovoltaic development, solar e nergy potentials of the country, foreign investment and the future direction and the feed-in tariff plan will be submitted with a length provide a wide range of solar power development in Malaysia. The prospects were positive and the country was actively promoting solar as alternative energy sources and aware of the benefits it bring for economy development in future 18.HydropowerHydropower is the only renewable energy technology that is presently commercially viable on a large scale. It has four major advantages, namely it is renewable, it produces trifling amounts of greenhouse gases, it is the least costly way of storing large amounts of electricity, and it can easily adjust the amount of electricity produced to the amount demanded by consumers.Hydropower accounts for closely 17% of global generation capacity and close 20% of the energy produced each year 19.Malaysia has a total land mass of 332,000 km2 and its mean elevation is about 300m. The middling rainfall is slightly m ore than 2,600mm per year. The total gross hydro potential is 414,000 GWh/year, of which about 85,000 GWh/year is available in Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, whilst Peninsular Malaysia has 39% of the land area, its sell of hydropower resources is only slightly more than 20% 20.Tenaga Nasional Berhad operates three hydroelectric schemes in the peninsular with an installed generating capacity of 1,911 megawatts (MW). They are the Sungai Perak (1249 MW), Terengganu (400 MW) and Cameron Highlands (262 MW) hydroelectric schemes with 21 dams in operation. A number of Independent Power Producers also own and operate several small hydro plants. At present, hydro power is the only renewable energy source in Malaysia that is considered to be economically viable on a large scale.As for future hydro development in Peninsular Malaysia, several projects have been identified and studied at feasibility and pre-feasibility levels. These potential projects have to compete with alternative energy source s such as coal and gas in terms of economic viability.WindThe potential for wriggle energy generation in Malaysia depend on the availability of slew resource that varies with location. Understanding the site specific nature of idle words is a crucial step in planning wind energy project. Detailed knowledge of wind on site is needed to estimate the performance of wind energy project. Average wind speeds are low in Malaysia and harnessing wind energy is only practical on remote islands or east sliding board states of peninsular Malaysia where the wind may reach 30 knots or more during periods of strong surges of cold air from the north. 30 knots is equivalent to about 15.4 m/s, which is about 55 km/h. However, application of wind energy at Malaysia can be used widely if the turbine can operate in country median(a) wind speed which is 3-5 m/s. There was some study 21 done successfully to produce the electricity that suitable with wind condition of Malaysia, classified as low wind speed wind turbine.The northwest coast of Sabah and Sarawak region also potential to application of wind energy due to strength wind that reach 20 knot or more 22. Due to maximum wind can be obtained during monsoon season which is between Octobers to March, the hybrid system of wind energy is feasible to compliment electricity supply during monsoon season. The first wind farm in Malaysia was set up on Terumbu Layang-Layang Island, Sabah. A Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia study in 2005 has shown that the use of 150 kW turbine on the island has shown a good degree of success 23. This study mentioned that Terumbu Layang-Layang Island has the largest wind energy potential compared to other places in Malaysia.tidal energy is also promising renewable energy source available in Malaysia. Until recently, a preliminary study was carried out to explore the potential of maritime energy for electricity generation in Malaysia 24. Study by Ref. 25, identified that Pulau Jambangan, Kota Belud and Sibu are the locations with swell potential for tidal energy lineage. The total amount of electricity that can be generated on those locations is about 14.5 GWh/year.BiomassNowadays, biomass is regarded as one of the primary sources of energy in the developing and developed countries. Malaysia with a large quantity of biomass waste as a source of power generation is considered as one of the possible countries in this area 26.Oil palm is one of the main economic plants in the large number of countries. Malaysia alone generates about 47% of the global palm-oil supplies and can be regarded as the worlds leading manufacturer and exporter of oil palm. Malaysia also produces great quantities the oil palm biomass as oil coconut stems, oil palm leaves, blank product bundles, shells and fibres as waste from palm-oil product harvesting and oil extraction treatment. At now there is a constantly growing interest in the use the oil palm biomass of the source of cleaner energy. One of the main interests is hydrogen fuel from oil palm biomass. Hydrogen from biomass is clean and effective source of energy and is expected to make a major role in the future energy needs because of the raw material availability 27. There are different types of thermo-chemical processing to convert the oil palm biomass to hydrogen pissed petrol.Fig. 6 shows the cultivated area for oil palm in Malaysia (divided into three categories, i.e. Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) within 34 years. The total oil palm planted area in the country increased by 4.5% to 4.69 zillion ha in 2009 28. In Sabah and Sarawak, the drastic increase in the 1990s can be attributed to the government policy in the intensification of palm oil industries in East Malaysia 29. Malaysia produces about 15 million metric tonnes of palm oil per year. One tonne produces about 414 kg of biodiesel. With a caloric value of about 40,000 kJ/kg, this results in a total energy supply of about 7.8 GW/year from palm oil.Cultivated a reas for oil palm in Malaysia.jpgFig.6. Cultivated areas for oil palm in Malaysia, 1975-2009 22While the total energy available from residues and landfill gas has been estimated as 3.1 GW 30. Major agriculture put to work in Malaysia are oil palm (43.67%), rubber (30.56%), rice (12.68%),cocoa (6.75%) and coconut (6.34%). These provide Malaysia huge of biomass resources. In fact, government of Malaysia has announced the 5th Fuel Policy that states To supplement the conventional supply of energy, new sources such as renewable energy will be encouraged and biomass resources such as oil palm and wood waste as well as rice crushs, will be used on a wider basis mainly for electricity generation 31. Currently, residue from agriculture crops like paddy, rubber and sugar are use as fuel for generation of electricity in Malaysia using the cogeneration system. However, the percentage of using this residue for electricity generation is still low. Biomass residues are the main source of energ y input to the mills using cogeneration system. It has been estimated the total biomass energy potential is equivalent to 2-3% of total power production in the country 32. Report from 33, about 14 mills already used agriculture waste for energy demand, both for steamer and electricity with total capacity amount 1567.2 MW. The increasing amount of paddy production make highly potential in CHP technology to convert the paddy husk residue for energy purpose.Around 20% of paddy is husk, rice husk in turn contains 16-22% ash, and 90-96% of the ash is composed of silicon dioxide (silicon dioxide, SiO2). According to 34, by 2020 Malaysia will produce 768,290 tonnes of rice husk. As refer to 35, 1.5 kg of rice husk can generate 1 kWh, this mean by 2020 Malaysia can produce 512 TWh using rice husk residue. Some example of cogeneration project based on rice husk installed in Pendang Kedah Darulaman, which uses a steam boiler, 6.5 tonnes/h, 30 bar, saturated, connected to a 450 kW back pressu re turbine and heat exchanger 36. Electricity produces use for their owned consumption. Other example of rice husk project cogeneration that connected to system grid is installed at Titi Serong Rice Mill 37.In Malaysia, the annual production of sugarcane bagasse reaches a number of million tonnes 38. Nearly 30% of that number will turn into bagasse when it is crushed in a sugar factory 39. Sugarcane baggase is the fibrous waste that remains after recovery of sugar juice via crushing and extraction. A ton of bagasse (50% mill-wet basis) is equal to 1.6 barrels of fuel oil on energy basis. The total of sugarcane energy content on dry basis, excluding ash (around 2-3% of weight) can be divided into three main parts. Malaysia produces 274,620 tonnes of sugarcane for 2009, with a moisture content of 50%. This actor we can get 150,000 tonnes of dry bagasse annually.The caloric value for dry bagasse comes to be 17.33 MJ/kg, which make to total energy potential of 0.421 million boe per yea r. At the time, all the bagasse is being used as boiler fuels in sugar mills operating in the country. Most agriculture crops in Malaysia can be used to generate electricity. If all crops are fully utilize can help reduce the dependency on fossil fuel sources.ConclusionBiomass could be Remarkable as a stable and suitable replacement for fossil energy in Malaysia that cover appropriates 76% of land by thick and compact kind of tropical agricultural and forest.Currently, high motivation of biomass consumption in order to generate energy, sustainability of bio-sources, economic impact and environmental aspects are considered. Therefore, improving technologies related to bio-power and bio-fuel is continued. Recycling and using residues of forest and agriculture are valued in order to convert to useful energy and by product. Establishing biomass projects such as CDM by Malaysian Government is prominent in order to allocate subsidy to this kind of projects.Allocated subsidy is one common way of support biomass project. However, still there are many obstacles such as , knowledge development of biomass in Malaysia, risky situation for applying new technology, cost-benefit with financial indicators in comparison with conventional energy, energy demand in market place, speed of commercialization, feasibility of knowledge transferring, and the policies of government still are not successful to persuade and encourage industries to use biomass and efficient communication and dialogue with suitable strategy including integration, alignment and balancing situation between government and industries concern based on win-win is considered.Outlook of using biomass depends on the total cost of producing biomass energy in compared with fossil fuels. Using biomass instead of fossil energy with the decreasing cost of biomass is achievable and it can respect to environment.

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The Civil Rights Move manpowert began shortly after the end of WWII. The United States took the biggest turn on to the path of cultivated rights with the Supreme Courts decision in the Brown vs. the Board of Education case. This decision ignited a revolution that would forever change Americas future. in one case this movement began, Martin Luther King Jr. knew change needed to happen while Malcolm X didnt. He believed that the only way to make the change would be through with(predicate) nonviolence. Martin Luther Kings philosophy made more sense because it pushed America forward, racial inequality stopped through nonviolence, peace and love, which made everyone equal. King felt up that all children deserved the same educational opportunities regardless of their skin color. Martin Luther King wanted to unite both races. He wanted them to be together and equal. He especially wanted schools to be integrated, which is stated in MLKs speech made at the Alabama state Capitol. He preache d, let us march on segregated schools until every vestige of segregation and inferior education becomes a thing of the past and negroes and whites study side by side in the socially healing context of the classroom... (Document D). Malcolm X felt that integrating schools would only lead to more chaos, he felt that keeping schools segregated would keep African American students safer than being in white schools. Malcolm X was doubtful that change would happen, he wanted to move backwards while MLK took a stand and went forward, which is one solid ground why MLKs philosophy made more sense during the Civil rights movement.It is clear in the picture of their one and only meeting (Document A) that both men seemed to have respected each other, even though their philosophies were different fro... ...iven at Michigan State University, he speaks, (there are) 20 million Black people in Political, Economic, and Mental Prison he states that they always want to use methods that push one Negro at a time, then they use him to turn nigh and tell that masses, You see, were solving the problem. And the problem is still unsolved...(Document M). But the problem obviously was solved. Today all races are considered equal, interracial marriages are permitted, we are allowed to follow the same schools, and live in harmony. Because of Martin Luther Kings courageousness during the fight for racial equality, today every race is identified as equal in the legal system. Things in the 1960s were difficult but Kings perseverance changed history in America forever, which makes it clear that Martin Luther Kings philosophy made the to the highest degree sense during the civil rights movement.

a paper -- essays research papers

Response Paper 1The reading materials in Week 6 explore the impact of supranational law on acress, and more specifically, state behaviors. The idea is not to oversimplify the influence of international law but to understand in what circumstances (under various theories) would the legal framework and rules of international society shape and limit the behavior of nations and their alternatives. And these include many scenarios that constitute a lurch in state behavior such as abstaining from invasion to lofty tariffs. One notes that state actions are primarily motivated by state interests. A state might uphold international law or norms because it is beneficial to its interest or even when it comes as a great sacrifice. The readings offer several theories hypothesizing why states might or might not conform to international law.From a state psychology point of view, Politics of Law Observance suggests that some states may not observe the law because of a priori assumption of how new(prenominal) nations would behave. For instance if country A does not feel that the international community will impose threatening sanctions (or not threatening enough) to induce a change in behavior, then Country A would violate the law. Other (less cynical) reasons for non-compliance include ambiguity of legal rules, where the enforcement provisions are also vague that violating country knows that other nations wouldnt know how to quite respond. Moreover there could be limitations on capaci...